Ishikawa

A Forefather of TQM Principles: Kaoru Ishikawa Total Quality Management (TQM) principles are based off of the philosophies of numerous individuals – W. Edward Deming, Joseph Juran and Philip Crosby, to name a few. One such individual is Kaoru Ishikawa. Touted as the â€Å"Father of Quality Circles and as a founder of the Japanese quality movement† (Beckford, 2002), his philosophy on quality control is critical to understand TQM in general. Knowing the fundamentals/ building blocks of TQM can be used to shape the future direction and improvement of TQM.Ishikawa hoped his philosophy would improve quality in work, which in turn would lead to improvement in quality of life (Beckford, 2002). Ishikawa was born July 13, 1915. He graduated from the University of Tokyo where he received an engineering degree in Applied Chemistry. Later he would become a professor of the same University. After graduating, he joined the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) in 1949. Th is could be seen as the first steps he took towards developing his quality control philosophy and following in the footsteps of his father in Management Science (Hutchins, 1989. The core ideas of Ishikawa’s philosophy on quality control – companywide quality control (CWQC) – can be divided into three main concepts (Beckford, 2002). The first is that quality is based off of a holistic approach. The second core idea of Ishikawa’s philosophy is that there is active participation in the quality program amongst the employees. The third core idea is that there is direct, simple communication between management and workers. A holistic approach means that not only is the end product/service a quality product/service but also extends to the process that developed it.The end is just as important as the means. The company has a program in place that strives for quality management, quality workers and quality processes within all levels of the company. I think this c oncept of quality at all levels within a company is especially important in today’s society where it is not enough to know a company provides a quality product but is socially and environmentally conscious. For example, if a company has a quality process in place when choosing and working with certain suppliers – they lessen the chance of being surprised that the supplier uses child labor or contaminates the environment.Ishikawa’s second core idea of active participation among employees emphasizes the importance the workers. It’s not enough to have a quality program in place; the employees (including leadership) have to be involved and to have a voice within the company. This is based off of the idea that employees not only can recognize the problems in a process but also the solutions (Beckford, 2002). One of the main complaints that employees have is that management is not in touch with what they actually do so they don’t listen when there is a p roblem or a solution. Ishikawa’s second core idea looks to avoid this phenomenon.The last core idea of direct, open communication between workers and management rounds out Ishikawa’s philosophy on quality control. It stresses the importance of group communication to be understandable and in â€Å"layman terms† so it can be pertinent for all levels of the company. Ishikawa’s contributions to quality management were numerous. He wrote 600+ articles and 31 books (Smith, 2011). He had 2 English translated books – â€Å"Introduction to Quality Control† and â€Å"What is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way†. He was also behind the concept of quality circles and the Fishbone Diagram.Quality circles can be seen as a method of creating active participation within a company. It shows how Ishikawa believed that â€Å"all workers must be involved in quality improvement through teams to enhance the capability of individual workers and improve work processes† (Watson, 2004). Quality circles are groups of workers within a company that is formed to review, analyze and make recommendations for issues and problems. The Fishbone diagram was developed in 1943 as a problem-solving tool and was used to identify possible root causes to problems in a simple and straightforward presentation.It is one of the seven tools of quality control that is recognized worldwide (Smith, 2011). While all the tools of quality control is important, this diagram can be used in numerous disciplines ranging from not only quality management, but science, education, etc. The other tools of quality control is Pareto Charts, Stratification, Check sheets, Histograms, Scatter graphs and Control charts (Beckford, 2002) Throughout his career, Ishikawa was the recipient of numerous awards. Per Beckford, he received the Deming, Nihon Keizai Press and Industrial Standardization prizes and the Grant Award from the American Society for Quality Control.Ishik awa’’s work also prompted an award to be given out in his honor. In 1993, ASQ established the Ishikawa Medal where it is awarded â€Å"to an individual or a team whose work has had a major positive impact on the human aspects of quality† (ASQ, 2012) Ishikawa passed away April 16, 1989. Although he is no longer with us, his work and his philosophy is still vibrant and in use today. Understanding the core concepts behind Ishikawa’s CWCQ sheds light on TQM principles. His philosophies help shape how companies today develop their quality control programs.Maybe from the lessons and philosophy of Ishikawa, a future TQM guru could emerge, giving the world another individual that further advances quality in work and ultimately in life. References Beckford, J. (2002). Part two: The quality gurus: Chapter 8: Kaoru Ishikawa. Quality (Routledge), pg. 93 – 104. Watson, G. (2004). The Legacy Of Ishikawa. Quality Progress, 37(4), 54-57. SMITH, J. (2011). The Last ing Legacy OF THE MODERN QUALITY GIANTS. Quality, 50(10), 40-47. Kaoru Ishikawa 1915-1989. (2010). Quality Progress, 43(11), 19. Bauer, K. (2005). KPI Identification With Fishbone Enlightenment.DM Review, 15(3), 12. Hackman, J. , & Wageman, R. (1995). Total Quality Management: Empirical, Conceptual, and Practical Issues. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 309-342. Hutchins, David. (1989). Obituary: Professor Kaoru Ishikawa. The Independent. April 26, 1989. http://asq. org/about-asq/who-we-are/bio_ishikawa. html http://asq. org/about-asq/awards/ishikawa. html (Evans, James R.. Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence, 8th Edition. South Western Educational Publishing, 01/2010. p. 110). <vbk:1111509360#outline(3. 7. 2)>

Poverty and crime rates Essay

There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the form of bread† (Mahatma Gandhi). Poverty is being in a state that is extremely poor and basically inhabitable. The correlation between poverty rates and crime rates has been examined through many different perspectives and by many different people. The majority of people believe that crime rates are higher in more developed countries and lower crime rates in undeveloped countries. Personally, I believe the opposite that crime rates are higher in undeveloped countries and lower in developed countries. There are many factors that affect high crime rates in a deprived country. The factors that affect high crime rates the most are that people in a poor society can not afford what they wish, the crime rates are higher in poor countries because people are not well educated and lastly, the government of a developing country is not as strict compared to the government of a developed country. Therefore the crime rates are higher in an undeveloped country. There are many factors that affect crime rates the major one is poverty. Crime rates are higher in an undeveloped country rather than a developed country since people would tend to steal what they cannot afford. The first factor that would cause a person of a poor country to steal something is if they cannot afford what they want. For example, in Africa many people cannot even afford their personal and physical necessities. The small community of Africa cannot afford enough food to fill up their stomach for a single night and will therefore have to rob food for themselves and their family.. Another reason why people in a poor country would commit more crimes is since they cannot afford the luxuries that they desire. Even though luxuries are not a component of survival they still play an important role in self confidence. For example, Car theft is much more higher in South Africa compared to North America since the people in South Africa cannot afford the luxuries of Mercedes or Porsche and would therefore steal the expensive luxuries that they want to be equal to everyone else. Next, the people of lower income feel excluded from society since they feel that they do not â€Å"fit in† with the rest of the community. For example, if one is wearing bum company footwear and the rest of the people in the community are wearing Nike company footwear then the person whom is wearing the bum company footwear would feel excluded from the rest of the society. This would cause the person of lower income to steal the expensive footwear just so they don’t feel excluded and higher their self esteem. Another reason why people who cannot afford what they want is due to the impact of jealousy on the lower income community’s mind. For example, Kristopher Gutierrez beat one of his best friends after realizing that he had a relationship with his girlfriend Kristopher is charged for aggravated assault1. This shows that jealous rage can cause one to commit any crime for revenge. Crime rates are higher in countries with more poverty since people do not have proper education. Firstly, the education system in poor countries is more weak therefore people in those poor countries are not well educated and do not know what’s wrong and what’s right. For example, statistics show that 121 million children worldwide are out of education2. This shows that children whom are becoming uneducated by dropping out of school at such a young age are not able to realize what’s wrong and what’s right. These 121 children would not be able to pursue their future career and earn a respectable amount of money since they would not have knowledge about the opportunities that are available to them. This would cause the children to get involved into horrible thing such as theft and burglaries. Read more:  Essays About Crime Rate Increase Another reason that causes higher crime rates in a country is due to the weaker teachers in the poor country. The teachers have probably also committed crime in their life. This would cause the teachers with wrong knowledge to teach their students the same knowledge they have. For example, if a teacher has the knowledge that crime and theft is alright and acceptable this teacher would teach their students that theft and crime is acceptable then the students would go off thinking it’s okay and possibly even commit crimes. Another reason that affects higher crime rates in an uneducated country is due to the parents of the students that are also not well educated and are therefore not a good role model towards their children. The children learn these horrible things by their parents. Since each family has their own values the children consider these crimes to be acceptable. For example, the parents of a poor family would probably have to rob clothing for their children. When the children realize that their parents stole clothing for them they will follow their parents and do the same. Additionally, the government systems of poor countries are much less strict towards crimes. Such as, the police control officers don’t carry many weapons and devices since they cannot afford them. In Canada, the police officers carry many weapons around with them such as guns, knives and GPS systems compared to Africa police officers can’t carry many weapons around with them maybe only one and cannot afford to purchase GPS. This would cause the community to think that it is easy to get way with committing crimes. Also, the police would have less control over the criminal since the criminal would bribe the police officer with money and most commonly the police officer would fall into this. Another reason why a more undeveloped country with an easy going government system would commit more crimes is due to the laws and punishments which are not strict and the criminals would feel that the punishment is manageable. For example, in South African countries such as Botswana the government system is less strict compared to a developed country such as Canada. The laws in Botswana for crime is more easy going if you are caught speeding then you can bribe the officer for money although the law in Canada obviously does not allow you to bribe the officer. This proves that the laws in Botswana are much less strict in comparison to Canada. Another reason that affects crime rates in a poor country is due to the fact that people feel committing a crime is easy to deal with and the police force is less committed to their job since the officers know that they would not get in much trouble even if they do not perform their duty properly. The government is less strict. For example, the community of Botswana and Africa feel that it is easy to get away with theft. This makes theft a much more common aspect of their life since it is so easy to commit and so easy to deal with the punishments. If one commits a crime in Canada they feel guilty and very afraid of the horrible outcomes such as all of the punishments and years in prison they have to deal with. Therefore, the population of Canada would tend to commit fewer crimes in fear of the outcomes. In conclusion, the crime rates are higher in an undeveloped country and this is proven by many aspects. Firstly, since people cannot afford what they want. The people of some undeveloped countries cannot even afford the necessities for survival such as food. Also the people of an undeveloped country cannot afford the luxury that they desire they feel excluded from society which causes them to commit crimes to achieve what they desire and to â€Å"fit in† with everyone else. Secondly, in undeveloped countries the society is not well educated. The population that is suffering through poverty does not know what is wrong and what is right. Therefore commit crimes thinking it’s okay to do. The students don’t have a good role model to look up to since the teachers and parents have also committed crime in their past and the parents do not realize it’s unacceptable to commit a crime. Thirdly, since the government system is very weak and not so strict in comparison to the government system of a developed country. Due to the fact that the government system is not strict in a poor country the populations of that poor country feel that it is easy to get away with committing a crime. Also, since the police force is less committed to their duty they become bribed very easily especially with money. Additionally, since the laws and punishments of an undeveloped country are not strict the community commits crimes easily. Overall, it is proven that the crime rates are much higher in a more undeveloped country. Works Citied Bennett, William J. , John J. DiIulio, and John P. Walters. Body count: Mora; poverty–and how to win America’s war against crime an drugs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. Print. Ross, Sherwood. â€Å"OpEDNews- Page 2 of Article: Why Poverty Spreads Across America. † Opednews. com Progressive, Liberal United States and International News, Opinion, Op-Eds and Politics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. . Short, James F.. â€Å"Crime and Society. â€Å"Poverty, ethnicity, and violent crime. Boulder, Colo. : WestviewPress, 1997. 220-245. Print. Taylor, Blake. â€Å"Poverty & Crime – Fundamental Finance. † Fundamental Economics. N. p. ,n. d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. . Poverty vs. Crime Rates Essay By: Mariam Mirza For:Mrs. Rowley.

Loyalty and Betrayal in a Political Context

Two recent Chinese films, Chen Kaige’s Farewell My Concubine (1993) and Zhang Yimon’s   Hero (2002), have gained worldwide attention, garnering numerous awards in the process. Although set in very different periods of Chinese history, both films deal with the themes of loyalty and betrayal played out against a vigorously political backdrop. This political philosophy even weaves through out the stories, marking a radical change from previous socialist-realistic Chinese films which mainly had an operatic focus. In the past, Chinese films were heavily censored and did not appeal to a wide audience. What occurred within the Chinese culture to allow for films which gained international acclaim and dealt freely with controversial concepts, such as   the political atmosphere of China? Both Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimon are Chinese fifth generation directors. This genre evolved after Mao’s death in 1976, causing film to have   the widest international impact of all the Chinese arts reborn since then. Distinguished by a quantum leap from the political and cultural heritage of Mao, and achieving an â€Å"aesthetic breakthrough† with radically politicized ideological implications, this movement nevertheless was formed in a crucible (Zhang, 203). The 1984 release of Kaige’s film Yellow Earth revealed the emergence of a major new movement in world cinema, the fifth generation, which gained its name from critics and scholars based upon a retrospective examination of Chinese film history. It   is one of the cinema’s most important â€Å"new waves,† along with German expressionism, the French new wave, and Italian neo realism. The canon is comprised of the works of a group of young film artists with similar aesthetic and ideological motivations. The fifth generation emerged from the first graduating class of the Beijing Film Academy; students who had encountered tumultuous changes within their own lives, not being allowed to finish their high school educations, ( which didn’t resume until 1977), but being sent instead to the countryside as â€Å"intellectual youth,† becoming soldiers or laborers.   Although Kaige’s father was a well known Beijing film director, Yimou’s father had been an officer in Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalist KMT army and Yimou was shut out of most educational, financial and social opportunities available to many of his future classmates at the Film Academy. However, the arrival of the Cultural Revolution functioned as a great equalizer, as   most members of the fifth generation forfeited education, saw their parents publicly criticized, and their lives swept up in turmoil. Yimou took up photography during this time, while Kaige tried to join the communist party.(Ij, 1). According to Paul Clark in his book Reinventing China: A Generation and its Film, the cultural revolution forever changed the members of the fifth generation. They emerged from it challenged by their experiences, endowing their films with a more critical attitude toward the cultural revolution and a more humane and realistic take on the lives of their fellow Chinese. While at the Beijing Film Academy the students had a shortage of textbooks from which to work. The professors instead exposed them to foreign films. Thus the students became filmmakers by watching and analyzing these foreign works. After graduation the students were assigned to various urban and rural studios across China, creating works that tried to reconstruct a national cinema after ten years of neglect and oppression. Rejecting rigid formalism, the filmmakers   created more realistic lighting, and used better actors and editors. They also created more ambiguous, less didactic stories. With the catastrophe at Tianamen Square in 1989,   and the ensuing crackdown on the fifth generation in the 1990s by authorities who weren’t comfortable with   many of the politics contained within the films, the restricted filmmakers began looking for international financing. The resulting films brought more international attention to Chinese cinema than ever before (Clark, 205). The filmmakers’ goals were to present themselves as artists with an aesthetic sensibility and to comment on the totality of their culture and history at a metaphorical or allegorical level. By assuming the margins vis a vis the mainstream, the Chinese new wave cinema offers itself as a substitute for and a supplement to, the emerging nationalist cinema. With spectacular visual effects, idiosyncratic and forceful storytelling, the films are a cultural reconstitution of Chinese modernity (Zhang, 276). Although originally banned in China, which allowed only one public showing because the film showed communism in a bad light, Farewell My Concubine is considered to be one of the fifth generation’s seminal works in focusing attention   from international audiences toward Chinese films.   Farewell My Concubine resembles several other fifth generation films in that it is a tale of human lives set against the context of China’s turbulent political upheaval during the mid twentieth century. Because it recalls the collective trauma of the cultural revolution, Farewell My Concubine and its engagement in the national memory has frequently been interpreted as an epic national narrative. Yet it also functions as a cataclysmic tale of loyalty and betrayal, an intimate story surrounding two Peking Opera performers, Xiaolou and Dieyi,   who bond as the young boys then named Shitou and Douzi. They   are severely abused by their training master and experience many hardships. But their friendship gets them through their difficulties.   This bond produces intense and lifelong loyalty between the two boys. They continue to be inseparable, until a prostitute named Juxian comes between them   when she marries Xiaolou. Later, the Japanese invasion and cultural revolution intervene in their relationship, provoking various declarations of betrayal. The story begins in 1934 and spans 53 years until 1977. The two men’s lives are viewed against a backdrop of a country in upheaval as the movies journeys through various times in China’s history. Each section, which is integral to the plot,   shows a different era in the lives of the characters and the historical background from the Warlords through the cultural revolution, including the Japanese invasion of 1937 and the communist takeover (â€Å"Farewell My Concubine,† 1). As the movie begins, a young Dieyi is abandoned at the opera troupe by his own mother after she cruelly cuts off his extra finger. Even though his mother, a whore, deserts him because he is a burden, he quickly gains a loving replacement in the form of Xiaolou. During the early lives of Dieyi and the other young actor, Xiaolou, the fierce friendship forms as they train and   are punished, always looking out for each other. From the first Xiaolou watches out for his little friend. He finds him a place to sleep and rebukes all the teasers. Later, Dieyi runs away, promising his three coins to Xiaolou.   Dieyi tells the master after he returns that Xiaolou was not responsible, just to punish him, even though Xiaolou is punished anyway. At another point, when Dieyi can’t remember his lines to say that â€Å" I am a girl,† and shuts down,   Xiaolou punishes him by forcing a stick in his mouth so that Dieyi will stay around and remain in the troupe. Yet this act of pain is also an act of love and Xiaolou cries throughout as he administers this rebuke. Thirteen years go by and their hardships pay off as the boys grow up to become major stage stars; their loyalty continues even as they are famous performers in Peking. Their bond becomes even stronger as they become more acclaimed. Although they are as close as two men can be, Dieyi yearns for even more. Even though the subject of homosexuality is only once overtly referred to in Farewell My Concubine, its presence is never far from the surface.   Xiaolou rejects that sort of connection from Dieyi, yet   nothing still comes between them; or so it seems. After Xiaolou saves a prostitute with a fake declaration of engagement, she comes to him and forces him to make good on the public acknowledgement. They marry, and while Xiaolou makes his stage brother Dieyi, his best man, Dieyi feels betrayed and acts pettishly, refusing even to come to the party until the last minute, then leaving abruptly. With Juxian in the picture, Dietyi has a moral dilemma which becomes confusing to him. From the beginning his sense of identity has been muddled, with the master’s continual insistence that he say â€Å" I am a girl,† in his role as a female within the opera. Yet role acting and reality have become blurred for him. As a child his mother was a prostitute, he was raped by an old man, his friend was stolen from him by a woman, then he goes to Master Yeun in a sexual   relationship (â€Å" Farewell My Concubine,†1). Later, in Dieyi’s trial for fraternizing with the Japanese (said fraternizing occurring only because he is trying to save Xiaolou and is promised by Juxian that she will leave her husband and return to the brothel if he helps, but she reneges), all Dieyi’s friends try to cover for him, even lying that he had been taking away in handcuffs. Dieyi rebukes them publicly, saying that he sang of his own free will,   causing the others to lose face by his betrayal to their loyalty. As mentioned previously, Farewell My Concubine has been considered to be an epic national epic, but contrary to this popular perception, Kaige focuses on the intimate architectural spaces of his native city Beijing and recalls its past; the pain of betrayal is vividly depicted in the film as the two stage brothers are publicly forced to renounce each other with irreversible consequences. Those unfamiliar with the history of Chinese communism are in for a shocking crash course as the devastating scenes unfold (â€Å"Chinese Film, 1). During the cultural revolution, both men, betrayed by a boy Dieyi saved from death, are forced to parade as spectacles in full operatic regalia. Yet they resemble pathetic clowns with mismatched makeup and signs around their necks.   Xiaolou and Dieyi are made to kneel with countless others to confess their sins against the people. Touchingly, but to no avail, Dieyi attempts his usual trick of swooping Xiaolou’s makeup up in order to make it look better. However,   garish makeup seems to be the least of their worries. Forced to talk against each other, Xiaolou starts out in euphemistic terms, declaring Dieyi to be one who sang for all, both small and great; a man who is a consummate artist of the people and for the people. Yet this is turned against him and he must betray Dieyi with more vehement declarations.  Ã‚   Even though Dieyi sang for the Japanese in order to free him, Xiaolou declares him a traitor and also tells the masses of his illicit homosexual relationship with Master Yeun. After Dieyi calls Juxian a prostitute in retaliation, Xiaolou also renounces his wife, saying he never loved her. Her pain knows no bounds and as a result of his betrayal, she hangs herself. So much sorrow and damage occurs during these public denunciations which happen to also mirror the filmmaker’s own life.   Kaige remains haunted that he was forced to publicly denounce   his father during his   youth in the cultural revolution (â€Å"Chinese Film,† 1). The film ends as years later, when the revolution has ended,   the stage brothers are once again together in an opera.   During the performance Xiaolou announces he is too old. Whether intentional or not, Dieyi forgets the lines that say he is a girl; and Xiaolou prompts him. Dieyi continues with the play, only to stab himself and die. The friends are still together: in life and in death. Although different in style from Farewell My Concubine, Hero is a film that   has caused   unprecedented fervor, judging from the response of much of the population   of China. So far, it is the most popular   Chinese film ever released in the country, making phenomenal money there, only slightly less than Titanic. Despite being regarded by some Chinese as pandering to western tastes, the film also made enough money in the United States alone to cover production costs, providing a portal for many western viewers to begin watching other Chinese films previously unknown in the west. Like other films of the fifth generation genre, this movie demonstrates a rejection of  the socialist- realist tradition worked by the earlier communist Chinese filmmakers. With   the ever popular Jet Li as the star, the film is loosely based during the time of the warring  states, a period before the unification of China. This story has also been told in other  versions, notably Kaige’s The Emperor and the Asssassin (1998) and Zhou Xiaowen’s The Emperor’s Shadow (1996). Yet Yimon chose to develop his own historical story  based on the turbulent days leading up to the founding of the Qin dynasty when seven  kingdoms struggled for supremacy. This setting contrasts with the mystical â€Å"martial worlds† of   similar films which exist somewhere away from reality. (Qin in Wade Gilles  parlance is the same as Ch’in from which the English word for China probably derived). (Chinese Film, 2). With Hero Yimon is working out of the tradition of the wuxia pian: a swordplay or martial arts film. Not   to be confused with a kung fu movie, this concepts involves a more idealized realm of legendary heroes living marginalized, carefree lives on the edges of everyday society. Their weapons of choice are swords, spears, and daggers. In the typical wuxian film, some incident draws the swordsman into the everyday world, in order to fight, albeit reluctantly. However, he retains a firm moral compass to defend the helpless against corrupt officials or leaders. The genre has been a regular part of Chinese cinema since the 20s (â€Å"Hero,† 1). Yet the genre has been reconfigured by Yimon, who addresses the present by looking backwards and sideways; backwards to the 90s postmodern wuxia   persona and sideways to Hong Kong commercial cinema. Absorbing the subversive innovations of Hong Kong film directors Tsui Hark and Wong Kar Wai, Yimon also digs back to his roots, and recreates as wuxia pian, the cinema of pure spectacle and philosophical meditation that he as a cinematographer and Chen Kaige created in 1984 with Yellow Earth. Using spectacle rather than storytelling is one way to open up the complex world of Hero to the violent opposing critical reactions (Chinese Cinema, 2). Also, he no longer uses revenge as the sole element comprising the story. With Hero Yimon attempts to move martial arts beyond the concept of revenge, even as he explores what it means to be a martial hero (Kung Fu Cinema, 1). As the tale progresses, this film also incorporates themes of loyalty and betrayal, using a series of Rashomon flashbacks. Like the layers of an onion unfolding, each unraveled   tale produces additional insights. These accounts shape the story of how one man defeats three assassins who sought to murder the most powerful warlord   in reunified China ( IMDB,1) As the story begins, Jet Li, who is called Nameless, starts to recount his martial victories to the emperor of Qin, telling how he defeated each of the three assassins, all members of a neighboring kingdom, who are sworn to kill the king to avenge their subjugation. Thus the main protagonist is seen defending the cause traditionally attributed to the villain by protecting the thing that causes others to seek revenge. Yet subsequent flashbacks revisit and reinterpret the same events, elaborating on and changing the story as it continues. However, it is only after the initial setup that the king responds with his own version of events. As a new story unfolds, it is literally painted in a different color. Even as this account unfolds, there appears a third which happens to be the final version of the truth (Kung Fu Cinema, 1). Through each successive narrative, the viewer sees friendship and loyalty among the assassins, who then appear pained when it seems that they are betrayed. Each story has the characters questioning themselves and others regarding motives, wondering who is their true friend and true love, then going to extreme lengths to prove that love and undying loyalty. With each version motives are questioned as to whom is the true person and whom is the betrayer. Things are never what they seem. Sky allows himself to be killed because he is loyal to a higher cause, while Nameless appears to be loyal to the king when actually he wants to kill him because he destroyed his family and kingdom. Sky, Broken Sword, Flying Snow and Nameless appear to have differing relationships in each of the three versions. In one version Snow is furious that Broken Sword had a chance to kill the king, then refused; that he appeared to have betrayed their group. He tells Nameless why. His calligraphy   showed â€Å"our land.† Nameless later gives this calligraphy to the king. It is a Chinese proverb which states,† to suffer yourself when all under heaven suffer, to enjoy only when all under heaven enjoy.†Ã‚   This is concept greater than individual loyalty. Transcending personal vendettas, it calls for the greater good of the masses. Nameless ought to consider what is right for the majority, and not just what is right for himself. As a chivalrous hero of great skill in the wuxia tradition, Nameless is duty bound to do whatever is most righteous, no matter the personal cost to himself (â€Å"Hero†, 4). When Nameless gets the chance to kill the king and comes within ten paces of him to do so, telling him of his personal grudge, he too recalls â€Å"our land.† and allows himself to be executed for a greater good, becoming loyal to a country rather than just his immediate surroundings. Dying a criminal he is buried as a hero. In the meantime, there is always a relationship between Broken Sword and Flying Snow, one so powerful that it defies betrayal by other relationships. By the end, although Snow is confused whether Broken Sword really loves her, whether he is truly loyal, he shows her by refusing to defend himself in a fight. She kills him, then distraught over the act, kills herself so they will go home together. As Nameless debates over what to do in his meeting with the king, Yimon actually shows both characters as heroes. Both have causes to which they are loyal. One is a defender with raging inner turmoil, and the other is a unifier with raging outer turmoil as he struggles to bring all the competing kingdoms together. Yet Nameless undergoes a spiritual and emotional transformation as he finds that being a true hero means rising above one’s petty loyalties; it also takes trust to find a higher cause. Both men share insights that aid them to overcome their mutual conflict as they share the ideal that both want what is best for the masses. As Nameless empties himself of his own desires, renouncing what he wants, he becomes invulnerable. Led by Broken Sword, Nameless has grown to accept that his loyalties were merely provisional, way stations on the path to something greater, though less tangible. By doing so, he echoes the philosophical tenets of Daoism with his self emptying. (Cinema Scope,p. 9). Yet Yimou has been criticized for rewriting history, portraying the King of Qin as rosier than past historical accounts have shown. These accounts demonstrate that the man was a brutal tyrant. Additionally, the film’s strong adherence to sacrificing one’s individuality for the good of the many as filtered through the state is a concept the pro communist Chinese government was pleased with. However, at a press conference Yimou insisted that choosing which dynasty to put in the story was an aesthetic choice not preconditioned by any one political slant (Kung Fu, 1). Many critics deride Yimou over the position in the film, forgetting that this was one of several narratives. Granted, the story can be seen as putting the good of the many over the good of the individual; that loyalty to the masses trumphs individual loyalty. However, Hero can also be seen as a multiple narrative since the tales by Nameless and the king are mutually contradictory. In this context, tyranny is not simply a means to an end. Although viewers who want to align themselves with the king of Qin will see a paean to Chinese unity and totalitarianism,; the reading is there for the taking. But such a position neglects to take into account the film’s clear message of underminding the limited authority of any single individual and the idea of narrative as closure itself. Cinema Scope Magazine notes that Hero celebrates absence as spectacle, glorifying absolute renunciation and perfect nonviolence as preconditions for peace. Like Nameless, it speaks to power, underminding authority’s grip on narrativity. Instead of a struggle within the narrative, Hero puts the control of the narrative into dispute. It is really about who has control of the story: Nameless or the king. As filmed philosophically, it is Yimou’s continual challenge to any   state or empire. Hero is allied to Daoism, a set of ideals which finds fullness in absence, transcendence in renunciation, fullness in letting go. The Lao Txu Dao’s primary text was written during the time of the Warring States, the period of turmoil that ended with the unification of China under Qin. In Hero he is still years away from this great accomplishment, simply the king of Qin. Yimou’s best recent films The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) and Not One Less contain the same concept of speaking stories to power. Yimou has struggled with authorities over who gets to tell the authentic story; how divergent it can be from the official version . He still has movies such as To Live that are officially banned in China today because of their recount of the unacceptably critical history of the People‘s Republic of china form 1945 to the 70s   (â€Å"Hero,† 3). Both Farewell My Concubine and Hero are marvelous spectacles, demonstrating in differing styles various allegiances, alliances, and betrayals; even renunciation of individual loyalty for the greater good. A glimpse of turbulent Chinese history can be gleaned through the films. The international audience is so much the   richer for having these works in their repetoire. References Clark, P. (2005).   Republic of China: A Generation and its Films. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press â€Å"Chinese Film,† (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved 5 August 2006. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/farewell_my_concubine/ CinemaScope. (2003). Vol 5, issue I, no14. Retrieved 4 August 2006. â€Å"Farewell My Concubine.† (2006). Chinese Cinema.org.   Retrieved 5 August 2006. www.chinesecinema.org â€Å"Hero,† (2004). Men’s Health. September. Retrieved 4 August 2006. Ij, F. (2005). â€Å"Review of Reinventing China: A Generation and its Film† Film Criticism. Vol. 30. IMDB.(2006). www.internetmoviedatabase.net   Retrieved 4 August 2006. Kung Fu Cinema. (2006). www.kungfucinema.com Retrieved 6 August 2006. â€Å"Movie Reviews,† (2006). Colossus.net. Retrieved $ August 2006 www.colossus.net Zhang, X. (1997). Chinese Modernism in the Era of Reform. Durham, NC: Duke U Press.                                          

How information gives competitive advantages Assignment

How information gives competitive advantages - Assignment Example It further provides tools that assist companies to apply the metrics and analytical elements to their information sources and this enables them to recognize the chances for growth and identify ways they can enhance operational efficiency. The three main forms of information systems, which are developed and employed for general usage, include financial, operational and strategic systems where these classifications do not have mutual exclusivity as they constantly intertwine. Financial and operational systems, which are meticulously designed, may develop to become the strategic systems associated with specific organizations. Financial systems can be considered as simple computerizations of processes that involve accounts, budgets and finance in a company (Hopper 27). They are alike and universal in all firms, as computers have demonstrated to be perfect for mechanizing and controlling or financial systems, like personnel operations since head-counting controls and workforce of an organization are significant to financial concerns. Financial systems are supposed to be employed among the bases for the rest of the systems as they provide a universal and controlled assessment of all the operations and projects and have the ability to supply dependable numbers that indicate departmental success. Planning across the company must be linked to financial analysis and there are always greater opportunities in the development of strategic systems when financial systems exist as the needed figured can easily be retrieved. On the other hand, operational systems, which are also considered as service systems, assist in controlling the details associated with the company and these systems are different based on the nature of the enterprise. Typically, they are computer systems needed by operational managers to assist in running of the business based on routing. They are ordinary systems that are valuable in keeping track of inventory among other functions as

Identify both a federal and state (any state) legislative action that Essay

Identify both a federal and state (any state) legislative action that was created in response to the problems of domestic abuse - Essay Example Under the VAWA, all Federal domestic violence crimes are considered to be felonies and as such punishable with imprisonment based on the injury caused. Violation of the Gun Control Act also includes - possessing a firearm and/or ammunition after conviction of a qualifying misdemeanor crime of domestic violence. 18 U.S.C. Section 922(g)(9) The punishment meted out for this crime is a prison term which ranges from 5years to life imprisonment depending on the extent of injury caused by the defendant. The legislative process includes lodging a complaint, followed by an enquiry and investigation. The court of law summons the respective parties and after thoroughly examining the details of the case, passes its judgment. The judgment also includes the prison term and fines if any to be fulfilled by the abusive party. The Federal law also lends protection and support to the victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence has a bad effect on society and so the Federal Government has taken ste ps to curb and prevent it by funding nation-wide programs related to integration and migration. References Action Plan of the Federal Government www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/responses/GERMANYweb Federal domestic Violence Laws www.justice.gov/usao/gan/documents/federallaws

Postmodernism in Modern Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodernism in Modern Society - Research Paper Example There has been a contracting debate on postmodernism among architects and plastic and visual artists. As defined by architectures, postmodernism is taking half from the traditional ways of doing things and getting the others from supplementary sources to develop a blended component. It entails using modern approach to address traditional issues in architecture. The same thing applies to visual arts. In visual arts, postmodernism is the process of blending conventional arts with new arts. There has been mixture of traditional medium of printing and the modern means of printing and designing in modern visual arts. In music, postmodernism has a remarkable impact to the method of dancing, instruments used and the costumes used in dancing. Although traditional music does not significantly change, there are some aspects of the music which are affected by postmodernism. Change in music arts, styles, and costumes has an impact on artist way of living.1 Postmodernism in visual arts has a comp lex history. Many scholars in the field are not confident in using the term since they believe it wiped away practices and techniques that existed in the field over the last thirty years. Although, there is no agreement on the components appropriate to define the current changes in visual art, postmodern arts is described as the art developed after the diminish of modern arts in 1960s. The movement that defines postmodernism includes the pattern painting in the mid 1970s. During this time, Americans celebrated both non-geometric and geometric arts. Artists were reacting against the Puritanism of negligible and abstract arts. The second widespread movement was Neo-Expressionism which occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At this time, practitioners were advocating for the return of traditional sculptures and painting art. This movement was common among German expressionists. There was also another movement that occurred in mid 1980s called Neo-Geo. Practitioners in this movemen t were parodying the previous movements. They used Day-Glo colors to communicate their message. The actors in this movement were contradicting with Neo-Expressionist idea on postmodernism. The other commonly known movement was New British sculpture. This involved the sculptures of common artists at that time. According to them, there was decay in United Kingdom urban environment which led to waste of consumer community in the country. They also intended to explore the manners in which different objects were given meaning in the society. There was also Super-Realism movement which took place between 1960s and 1970s. This movement was also called Photo-Realism. The pioneers of this movement were trying to express their dissatisfaction with the application of photography in the arts of painting. Nevertheless, their concern was on technical predicament of putting light and tones on a surface instead of general verisimilitude.2 In general, postmodernism art is due to the reaction of mode rnist arts obsession. Postmodernism is the reintroduction of morals, ornaments and decorations in art and sculptures. At around 1967, art magazines were occupied with sleek cube form, but in 1969, this was substituted with photographic image, language, ongoing process and natural substances. Most of postmodern artists portray nonchalance in addressing mismatched styles. They combine different style in one art. In this case, they lack purity and uniformity in

Observe, Analyze and Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observe, Analyze and Report - Term Paper Example What are the unique characteristics and behaviors of the members of each group? These are just some of the questions which one hopes to answer after observing the social groups in a school canteen. The observation day was conducted on a Monday at around lunch time. From one’s conversation with some students, one learned that it was an exam week for high school students. One sat at a corner table of the canteen. It was around 11:30am, minutes before the students’ lunch break. One was ready with a pen and paper where the observations of the groups will be written. A few minutes later, students started arriving at the canteen, right after finishing their tests in two subjects. They will be having two more long tests in the afternoon from two different subjects. This information was volunteered by one student whom one got to talk to. The first group that arrived was a group of five Asian American girls who were talking in their native tongue while entering the canteen. They all had slanted eyes, fair complexion and dark hair. Their clothes were simple and modest. They wore shirts, denim pants and sneakers. They all carried back packs. Aside from the back packs, they have books and folders on their arms. They sat down on one of the corner tables of the canteen and put down all their bags and books on the table. One expected them to bring out their lunch boxes or go to the counter to get their food but they did not. Instead, they were discussing in English, the test questions from the tests that they just took. After around 20 minutes of talking to each other, two of the girls stood up and went to the food counter. The remaining three girls meanwhile brought out their lunch boxes. Two girls brought out what looks like rice and a viand. While the other one brought out a cup of instant noodles soup with chopsticks. The two girls who went to the food counter then came back with sandwiches, milk and juice. They all started to eat their lunch with conversati ons in between. One then focused one’s attention to a group of ten rowdy boys and girls who entered the canteen. They were obviously sports jocks as evidenced by their sports jackets. They wore branded rubber shoes. They were masculine and handsome teenage boys. They were with some pretty blonde girls who were fashionably dressed and with make-up on. They were giggling and teasing each other, oblivious of the crowd in the canteen whose eyes all turned to them when they entered the canteen. From observation, one can conclude that two pairs from the group were in a relationship. One pair was holding hands while the other pair seems extra sweet to each other. The group chose the center table at the canteen and connected two other tables to make one long table. Being an exam week, this group of students does not look like they care about their studies. Although they also carried books, one sees no sign of them discussing anything about the tests that they have just taken or revie wing for the other two exams for the afternoon. Theirs was a carefree attitude, the exact opposite of what one observed from the group of Asian American students. After socializing with each other, they all went to the food counter. Most of the boys got a hamburger and fries while the girls got salads and fruits. The third group of students that one got to observe is a group of four male nerds. This is the group known in the school as the weird, intelligent guys who lacked social skills. One knows that this is the nerd group because

International financial organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International financial organisation - Essay Example This will also include marketing tools used by the organisation, customers of the organisation, issues such as customer care, current issues faced by the organisation and control systems used by the organisation. Background of HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited The financial organisation, HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited was developed through the joint venture of international financial institute HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited) and SABB (Saudi British Bank). The Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority (CMA), the controller and regulator of the capital market and stock exchange has provided its sanction to SABB and HSBC in order to create the initial full-service autonomous investment bank in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that has been certified under the new Capital Market Law of Saudi Arabia (HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited, 2011). SWOT Analysis Strength The financial condition of the economy can be evaluated from the overall economic development and expected growth. For the past f ew years, the government of Saudi Arabia has planned for the five year plan and invested in social and physical infrastructure for successfully transforming the economy of Saudi Arabia into a modern state with diversified economy (Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency, 2011). The diversified economic condition with government spending in different segments will strengthen the economy and it will be beneficial for the banking sector. The HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited, with the government planning for the economy, can take advantage out of the economic development. The economic progression of Saudi Arabia market has raised the domestic income and has also enhanced the performance of the banking sector (Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency, 2011). Saudi Arabia has an open policy for foreign investment. This policy of the nation will assist in bringing capital in the country through the banking operations. The HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited can attract foreign direct investments (FDIs) through the policies from foreign clients for the Saudi market. The inflow of foreign currency will assist the bank to increase it operations and also benefit from such activities (EDC, 2011). The stock of ‘foreign direct investment’ in Saudi Arabia was US$ 167 billion in 2009 that rose to US$ 204.3 billion in 2010. Within one year, there has been an increase by US$ 37.30 million. This represents the development of the economy in terms of foreign direct investment of the nation. The stock of foreign direct investment from abroad was US$ 11.41 billion in 2009 that rose to US$ 18 billion in 2010. The increase of foreign direct investment enhances the economy. The banking sector will get benefited from such increase in the investments from foreign and home country. This is a positive sign for HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited to operate in such economy where there are possibilities to increase the foreign investment in the future (Index Mundi, 2011). Marketing Tool HSBC Saudi Arabia Limited has used its â €˜fund management’ schemes to tap the growing economy market. They have a variety of fund management schemes through which they were able to generate huge capital from the Saudi market. This marketing tool is normally implemented according to the

Synopsis on the Broadway Musical Wicked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Synopsis on the Broadway Musical Wicked - Essay Example She tells Elphaba that she may meet the Wizard of OZ, a great honor. Elphaba insists that Madame Morrible include Galinda in the Sorcery classes. This act touches Galinda and she declares Elphaba her best friend. Galinda falls in love with Fiyero, a handsome prince. Fiyero, however, encounters Elphaba and falls in love with her instead. Elphaba involves herself in fighting for the rights of animals in OZ. She eventually meets the Wizard of OZ and realizes he is behind the oppression of the animals. Madame Morrible, who works for the wizard, pronounces Elphaba wicked when she refuses to join forces with the Wizard. Elphaba flies to the West as a manhunt is launched for her. Years later, Elphaba returns to OZ. She laments that everyone she ever cared about is dead because of her. Galinda, now Glinda the Good, tries to save Elphaba from the mob, but Elphaba resists. She asks Glinda to tell the true story of her life, as she is doomed to be seen as evil by society. Dorothy bursts in and melts Elphaba with water. In the Emerald City, the wizard realizes he is Elphaba’s father when Glinda gives him Elphaba’s bottle, which is similar to his. It is revealed that the floor where Elphaba melted was a trapdoor beneath which she hid. Elphaba and Fiyero escape from OZ and live happily ever

Discovering Science Thorough the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discovering Science Thorough the Media - Essay Example Sara Seager, a theorist explains: We can count as many as we like, â€Å"but until we can observe the atmospheres and assess their greenhouse gas power, we don’t really know what the surface temperatures are like† (cited in Overbye, 2015). On the one hand such discovery is not surprising as the scientists have already came to the conclusion that in the Milky Way there can be more than 20 billion planets, on which the temperature conditions are appropriate for life. The relevant data were obtained as a result of the statistical analysis of the observations, which were being made with the help of Kepler telescope during three years. By means of the telescope scientists came to the conclusion that about 22% of stars in the Milky Way have the planets similar to Earth by the size where the temperature is appropriate for biological processes. A scientists Andrew Howard states: "For NASA, this number – that every fifth star has a planet somewhat like Earth – is really important, because successor missions to Kepler will try to take an actual picture of a planet, and the size of the telescope they have to build depends on how close the nearest Earth-size planets are† (cited in Ohlheiser, 2015) However, the fact needs further investigations, because the probability of mistake is very high. Thus, in July 2014 the scientists revealed that found Gliese d and g can be simply a mistake of researchers. A couple of planets, Gliese d and g, which are allegedly situated at the distance of 22 light years from Earth caused many disputes. Now researchers state that two planets, on which, as it was assumed, organic life can be present, simply do not exist. Researchers came to such conclusion after carrying out the spectral analysis of a star, which the planets were supposed to move around. They explained that there was no planetary signal as it was stated before. It was just a phenomenon caused by star activity". In other words, magnetic fields or flashes on the Sun

Women offenders and prisioners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women offenders and prisioners - Essay Example The special guidelines for the treatment of female prisoners, namely the Bangkok Rules, have been adopted by the United Nations (UN) in the year 2010. Despite the fact that these rules have not been implemented in totality, they represent vast improvement for female prisoners in international law. The main motivator for this astounding development was Princess Bajrakitiyabha Mahidol of Thailand. This redoubtable champion of women’s issues was instrumental in ensuring that the efforts of the Thai delegation to the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice was successful in its efforts (Barberet, 2014, p. 174). It has been acknowledged in these rules that female prisoners have drastically different requirements, in comparison to their male counterparts. To a major extent the Bangkok Rules are evidence based and acknowledge several of the findings of ‘Women Crime and Criminal Justice: A Global Enquiry’, by the eminent scholar Ms. Barberet. Moreover, the Bangkok Rules mirror several of the erstwhile reform efforts that had been undertaken on behalf of females in prison, across the world. For instance, these rules acknowledge the high incidence of victimization of female prisoners and their greater inclination to engage in self-harm and suicide; the lower risk of most female prisoners, but higher classification levels; the special status of female prisoners who are also mothers of children; the stigma encountered by female prisoners; the abuse of women for immoral crimes; and the specific needs of indigenous women prisoners (Barberet, 2014, p. 174). Furthermore, these rules recommend the provision of intimate articles for females, alternatives to invasive or strip searching, alternatives to incarceration for females, and research and data collection regarding the issues pertaining to imprisoned females. Moreover, these rules acknowledge that females, in some nations, are incarcerated, in order to safeguard them,

Reflection Summary Essay Example for Free

Reflection Summary Essay Collaborate with your Learning Team to discuss the previous week’s objectives. Discuss what you learned, what could be applicable to your workplace or personal life, and how your knowledge has increased as a result of what you experienced through the learning activities in the previous week. Submit your team summary of the discussion in a 1-2 page Microsoft  ® Word document. General Questions General General Questions Management Theory and Practice All Weeks, Assignments, Discussion Questions + Final Exam Refrain from plagiarizing as the consequences can be extreme. During your college life, you will likely write a lot of papers. Be certain you do not plagiarize the work of others. Your professors are pros at recognizing plagiarized work, so be sure to write your papers on your own. This file MGT 230 Week 3 Reflection Summary contains review of works during the last 3 weeks Collaborate with your Learning Team to discuss the previous week’s objectives. Discuss what you learned, what could be applicable to your workplace or personal life, and how your knowledge has increased as a result of what you experienced through the learning activities in the previous week. Submit your team summary of the discussion in a 1-2 page Microsoft  ® Word  document. General Questions General General Questions Management Theory and Practice All Weeks, Assignments, Discussion Questions + Final Exam Refrain from plagiarizing as the consequences can be extreme. During your college life, you will likely write a lot of papers. Be certain you do not plagiarize the work of others. Your professors are pros at recognizing plagiarized work, so be sure to write your papers on your o To download this material Click this link https://bitly.com/1oJNhBq Refrain from plagiarizing as the consequences can be extreme. During your college life, you will likely write a lot of papers. Be certain you do not plagiarize the work of others. Your professors are pros at recognizing plagiarized work, so be sure to write your papers on your own. General Questions General General Questions Management Theory and Practice All Weeks, Assignments, Discussion Questions + Final Exam

Womens Role In The Contemporary Society Sociology Essay

Womens Role In The Contemporary Society Sociology Essay In March 2011, Obamas administration released a report concerning the present womens condition in U.S.A.: it was really different from the one released 50 years ago, that represented the first report about the womens status requested by the president J.F. Kennedy. From the previous definition of perfect housewife in Kennedys administration report in 50s, nowadays women are described as a key feature of economy. Actually, women are in a difficult and controversial position: their condition is unstable, according to the deep contradictions between social roles and individual ambitions. In Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economical Well-Being, Valerie Jarret, Obamas counsellor, states that: As the report shows, women have made enormous progress on some fronts. Women have not only caught up with men in college attendance but younger women are now more likely than younger men to have a college or a masters degree. Women are also working more and the number of women and men in the labor force has nearly equalized in recent years. As womens work has increased, their earnings constitute a growing share of family income. (Jarrett, Tchen, iii) Unfortunately, it does not mean that gender equality has been reached. Indeed, the report stresses how all these achievements didnt bring to earning equality: American women have an income which is 75% less than mens one, according to the same level of education and job profile, in spite of the Equal Pay Act, which was passed in 1963 in order to overcome the gender pay gap. Moreover, women are also alone in their unequal condition: the married ones passed from 72% in 1970 to 62% in 2011; the single-parent family is mostly made by women, single or divorced, which brings them to an inferior social condition. This recent report doesnt portray, of course, a condition of gender equality. The long women path, made by great protests and important social and political achievements, reached a situation which is difficult to define and to change. Since 1950s women are fighting for their rights, and a lot of important historical changes were traced on the common people way of thinking. It does not regard only political and social stances, but also the way in which women were perceived and symbolized by traditional culture and media. The only way to understand how to give a change to the social role of the women in the contemporary society consists in tracing a trajectory that starts from the beginning of their fight and comes to our period. Just in this way it is possible to get the awareness of what can be improved and what deserves to be saved. Family, motherhood, domestic life: after the second war world, these were the most important concepts which leaded the American women condition. In 50s, home was the symbol of the family life, after the wealthy period brought by the economic growth, and every single family had its own house and was able to spend their incomes in consumer goods. According to that, the freedom of the American women could have its own expression in the house-life. The reaffirmation of the women as tutelary god of the domestic life became a symbol of stability in the post-war society. The post-war woman had to be the emblem of a calm and sexually reassuring femininity: maternity was the key-concept of the new femininity, which was meant as a symbol of the new successful American society. So, a political and social discourse leaded by the official history put women in an inferior position than mens one in the social scale. A turning point in the American women situation was brought by the publication of Friedans book The Feminine Mystique. The problem that has no name which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease (Friedan, 433). In the same year, the federal report of the Commission on Status of women denounced their discrimination in the working, political and juridical spheres, claiming for fair salaries and maternity leave. Friedans voice reawakened women awareness of their condition: she talked about the feeling of frustration and social distress of the American women, who apparently lived in a comfortable and easy condition. It traced the beginning of the womens fight for their rights and for a new role in the society. It was characterized by an ideological feminist approach, which furthermore brought to the creation of associations for the defe nse of women rights. A real revolution against the common way of thinking gender discrimination took place in politics, society and media: in the 70s, the movement gained a series of political successes, such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972), Womens Educational Equity Act (1974) and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978). Otherwise, the two historical achievements of the movement were about abortion and divorce: in 1973, abortion became legal in U.S.A. after a long case, Roe vs. Wade, which was discussed by the United States Supreme Court; in 1969, the governor of California, Ronald Reagan, signed the Family Law Act, in which it was considered legal the No-Fault Divorce, which was accepted by the other states by 1985. Afterward, in the XXI century, Friedan looked back to the women movement, stressing the important changes brought by its achievements: There is no doubt that the womens movement has transformed American society, opening life in many ways for women and men alike. There may be nostalgic yearnings for the feminine mystique, but women are no longer defined solely in terms of their relation sexual, maternal, or domestic to men. They are defining their lives themselves by their actions in society (Friedan 2002, 14). Her statement is important because it stresses the difference between the position of women in the past century and the present one. The fight for the rights brought to a great success for the women, and their role is, of course changed since the 50s. Otherwise, the contemporary society is characterized by a peaceful uncritical acceptance of the world as it is: people hear about political disparity, unjustified wars and social problems, without any deep will to change the sit uation. The affluent society brought a lot of life spheres to a paralysis, which symbolizes the pacific acceptance of the world as it is, with its precarious balances. It seems to be the repetition of that condition of  «mystique » defined by Friedman, but in this case applicable to the whole society. So, women also enjoyed the wellness effects on their position: after the great fight for rights, they reach a hypocritical equal role in the society as mens one. The path to the gender equality passed to a more intellectual stage: feminism became feminisms, that means a great division between all the women rights movements, according to their gender, racial, or religious approaches; in the universities an important field of studies, such as Women Studies, carried on important researches about womens culture and tradition. What appears as a present achieved condition of gender equality is, abruptly, contradicted by the above-mentioned 2011 federal report In Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economical Well-Being. The success in educational and political spheres does not correspond to an equal salary condition. Most of the women are also ostracized by important roles in the great companies, as well as in politics. Mass-media broadcast a feminine image based on the enhancement of the body, and the cultural icon of womens inferiority has not been deleted yet. Nowadays, the challenge is no more between mens and womens roles: it is evident that the matter is about a more wide range of social problems and inequalities which involve both men and women, and it results as a difficult stand-point to overcome. Indeed, a lot of recent studies shows as women discrimination is a matter of fact. As Julie Goldscheid stresses: Workplace inequality based on sex, as well as discrimination based on other protected characteristics, persist notwithstanding several decades of antidiscrimination laws (Goldscheid, 61). Otherwise, the 2011 federal report states that women are a key feature of the modern economy: in spite of it their role is corrupted and women have to face a constant discriminatory approach in their workplace. It does not depend any more from a social and political fight with mens power. It deals with the actual features of our contemporary society, which is not characterized by a shared solidarity in front of all the disparities. Most of the fights which had to be brought are left to the social minorities, which can just try to manage the problems, but they cant really face alone the spoiled facets of our community. For example, it is the case of the Chicano women movement: it was born in consequence of the success of the Chicano community in their fight for their minority rights in 60s, but the feminist association Comision Feminile Mexicana Nacional had to be created to fight for the adoption of bilingual consent form on the compulsory sterilization of women in U.S.A., in 1975. It shows how it does not exist a real solidarity between the different social members: even in the same community, it is difficult to fight for a common reason, and so everyone is facing the social unease on his own. Finally, another aspect of the matter to be faced is, of course, the strong influence that the society gender perspective plays in the process of womens identity self-determination. The tradition of women as a second sex, the other, the deviation from the norm which is male, seems to have been overcome by all the achievements in the past century: but the problem is still persisting, since nowadays the sociological researches emphasize the presence in the contemporary society of stereotypical standards of what a woman should be. As Izzard and Barden question: We also wished to think about what happens to a womans identity when she feels out of that fit when she cannot feel herself mirrored in the images that society presents to her of Woman. How does our society constrain women into or release them from narrow definitions? (Izzard and Barden, 2). It is a subtle discrimination, which represents the most difficult challenge of the matter, because it is the effect of the identity-making leaded by mass-media. Taking these points into consideration, I would say that a further step has to be made. It should represent a deep change in the approach to the matter. When I read The Future of Feminism, I completely agreed with Betty Friedan when she states that More than ever, we now have to think about moving to the second stage: the way to live the equality that we fought for in a world of diverse new family combinations of women, men, and children. The second stage is where we must move, women and men together. We need a new and politically active consciousness-raising to get us beyond the polarized and destructive male model of work and decision making and the undervalued womens model of life the model that takes it as inevitable that having children is a womans free individual choice to short-circuit permanently her earning power and her professional future (Friedan 2002, 15). Her opinion is important to understand the point in which we are stuck now: if one of the greatest leaders of the w omens right movement is ready to say that it is the moment to leave the fight against men, and work together in order to get new important achievements, it means that the times are changing. We cannot talk anymore about a fight for the main political rights, which were gained during the past 50 years, but the so-called  «second stage » should be a more conscious and shared struggle for real changes in our paralyzed wellness society. Nowadays, the everyday social problems are shared by both men and women: we are talking about temporary employment, child-care especially for individual families and mobbing in the workplace. It is a matter of fact that these social features are strongly linked with our lives, but as well the common tendency is to feel them as irrelevant to our existence. It results that it is the effect of media and socio-political discourse to lead us to the indifference and the uncritical acceptance of this reality. So, rethinking about the women movement fight as an important historical moment for the social achievements in order to reach gender equality is the key to start the  «second stage » of the struggle. Actually, the main step to be made in this second phase is, of course, a restructuring program of the work system, especially about its conditions. It is the first influence that society got in the everyday women, and as well men, lives: for example, thinking about individual families, managed by woman with a temporary job, it is evident that no help is given by governments to maintain her son. It is obvious that the first consequence is the dismissal of all those expectations about career, in favor of a low-profile job which let woman grows up her son. Furthermore, in the contemporary society the young generation is having great problems to face its career perspectives, because of the difficulties to find an employment. It involves especially women, who suffer more this social unease. As the 2011 federal report shows, their education level highly increased, but their salaries are still low because of the effects of the impasse which occurred in the job market. In conclusion, it is clear that great achievements were brought in gender equality process during the last fifty years. Women are considered a main feature of the economic system, and they are no more obliged to follow their so called housewife destiny. Otherwise, it is important to stress the need of new fights in order to contrast those sexual discriminating tendencies, which still exist in our society. The matter has to be meant as a global problem, and for this reason it should be shared by the different members of the community without any differences of gender and race. Media shouldnt corrupt our view about the society and its uneasiness: but, on the contrary, we should take advantage of our possibilities to face different realities around the world. For example, in Asia great developments are taking place, and the employment strategies for women are constantly elaborated in accordance with the changing society: as Leng Tang states, These developments imply less time spent on d omestic chores and child-raising, as well as greater possibilities for participating in employment outside the home throughout the life course (Leng Tang, 10). The need of gender equality is one of the most important aims to be pursued: but it can be gained just through great efforts made by all the members of the contemporary community, once more united to get their fundamental social rights. Sources Jarrett, Valerie and Tchen, Christina. Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economic Well-Being. Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, March 2011. Jackson, David. White House Report: Women lag in pay, gain in education. USA Today, 01 March 2011. Gerson, Kathleen. Hard Choices: How Women Decide About Work, Career, and Motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. Print Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. In Peter B. Levy, 100 Key Documents in American Democracy, Westport: Greenwood, 1994. Print Friedan, Betty. The Future of Feminism. In Free Inquiry, Volume 19: Issue 3, 2002. Goldscheid, Julie. Gender Violence and Work: Reckoning with the Boundaries of Sex Discrimination Law. In Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Volume 18: Issue 1, 2009. Izzard, Susannah and Barden, Nicola. Rethinking Gender and Therapy: The Changing Identities of Women. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2001. Print Leng Tang, Leng. Old Challenges, New Strategies: Women, Work and Family in Contemporary Asia. Boston: Brill, 2004. Print

The Vital Importance Of Mass Media

The Vital Importance Of Mass Media Mass Media is of vital importance in mankinds life. It is a medium for individuals to search for as well as exchange the latest information and knowledge; and it is also a platform for commercial as businesses can promote their products and services via media. Apart from getting academic or official materials, entertainment is another major function of the media. In everyday life, it is common for individuals to get contact with television programmes and advertisements since they exist in most family, restaurants as well as every corner of the street. Moreover, the consumption of internet also increases in the recent years. For example, in the United Kingdom, nearly half of the age group from 9 to 12 has social-networking profile (European Commission, 2011); and a research points out a phenomena that a quarter of British replace their evening major entertainment, television, by computer (UKPA, 2011). The media takes up a significant role in peoples life and society and the trend tend s to be upswing, this shows that people relies very much on the use of media as media are convenient to us. It is interesting to find out the reason of the popularity of different kinds of media and how often individuals spend time on the field of media. Also, the project can help to understand the culture which is being brought out by the television programmes in United Kingdom. Media is beneficial to us to at some point; however, media will do us harm if we misunderstood the implications brought by the media. In this case, media have a great influence on mankind and social behaviours, which includes both positive and negative impacts. As media has become the social norm, therefore, it is possible for project study to investigate the seriousness of how teenagers are being affected by the media, which can be the benefit from the media; and to what extent, their social behaviour is being affected. Aims Objectives In this project study, the main focus will be more on the point of view of the teenagers in the United Kingdom because this age group is easily being influenced and attracted by some new matters. Thus, the aim of this research study is, firstly, to give a brief introduction of the popularity of different types of media in the United Kingdom, such as, television programmes which include news, educational programmes, soup dramas, reality shows and variety shows, advertisements and internet. It is also important to analyse the purpose of the existence of these media and also the age group which they want to target. Secondly, how teenagers can benefit from these media. For example, some meaningful and encouraging programmes not only can help teenagers to gain knowledge and experience, but also establish a positive and strong moral value and raise social awareness. But at the same time, undesirable impacts are also generated from these media. The reason is that, teenagers may have differe nt interpretation or perception of the programmes; they may also develop negative attitude towards life and behaviour, like anti-social behaviour, commit crimes, being impractical or even live in fantasy and lack of motivation to do anything as media helps to beautify and shape the reality. Thirdly, there will be a little discussion on how the government imposes tighter laws and regulations to control the adverse effects brought out from the field of media. Method In this project study, both primary data and secondary data will be used to make this research a convincing and academic one. For the primary data, questionnaire will be used. This questionnaire contains four sections with 18 questions concerning the consumption of television programmes, advertisements as well as internet, and these questions help to reveal the view of teenagers on the effect of media. The survey will be carried out through the Qualtrics (https://s.qualtrics.com), a website which is designed for conducting survey. It targets teenagers who are living in the United Kingdom and the sample size will be 50 or above, so the results can be more objective and comprehensive and then a detailed analysis can be made by using these data. For secondary data, reference books, journal articles as well as video will be used. All these sources are academic and relevant to the topic; they are strong support for the arguments in the project. Firstly, for reference books and journal art icles, one of the books, Crime and Law in Media Culture, and also the journal article, Media made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass media, both discuss about the relationship between crime and media which are connected by a strong bond. The information also points out that; media sometimes maps crimes and law which makes them look playful and trivial. As a result, audiences will have wrong conception and look down upon the law and punishment. The media affect the thinking and behaviour of an individual, if the effect is positive, it can help to shape the community a better one; if not, it will deteriorate the moral value in society. Moreover, media is a two way communication, which means not only the media give out information and knowledge, but the audiences also need to give responses. After talking about the social behaviour, I will focus on how people react and accept the messages. Secondly, the video is used as it looks from the perspective of the audiences a nd analyse how they interpret the messages from the media. It is important to know the attitude hold by people towards media because it gives us the clue on how people are affected by the power of media. Section 1: Television Programmes (1) How much time do you spend on watching television? More than 5 hours a day 1-2 hours a day Sometimes (during leisure time) Never (Go to Section 2) (2) Which types of television programme would you prefer? Please rank your choices (1=highest; 6=least) News report _____ Soap dramas _____ Reality shows _____ Variety shows _____ Educational programmes _____ Films/Movies _____ (3) Suggest 2 adjectives which are most suitable to describe television programmes. ______________________________________________________________ (4) In some reality shows, films and dramas, indecent language, violence and sex scenes can be seen, do you think the government need tighter control on them? Yes, this can help to establish good moral value in society No, as these coarse language and scenes are the fundamental element of the programmes No comment (5) Which of the following statement will you support? Television programmes involve positive social value and are mostly beneficial to mankind. Television programmes pose bad impact on mankind as they are generally exaggerated and indecent materials. Section 2: Advertisements (6) Where can you see advertisements mostly? _______________________________________________________________ (7) To what extent, advertisement is attractive? Specify your reason. (1=very attractive; 5=not attractive, it can be neglected) _______________________________________________________________ (If your answer is 5, please go to Question 9) (8) Which aspects of the advertisement can catch your sight? (You can choose MORE THAN ONE option) Colourful and beautiful design Brand name Price and discounts Models or Artists The promoted products or services (9) Do you think advertising is successful in persuading people to make consumption? Yes No (Go to Section 3) (10) Have you ever convinced by the advertisements to buy any products? Yes. Please name one: _____________________________ No. Section 3: The Internet (11) How often do you use the internet? Every day, 5 hours or above Every day, less than 2 hours Sometimes, when there is research work and for leisure Never (12) Which of the following activities will you perform on the internet? (Choose FOUR options) Social-networking (Facebook, Twitter, Skype, MSN, E-mail) Download music and movies Research Settle private matters (Bank statements, Mobile phone statements) Games Watching videos Get the up-to-date information (News, Fashion, Technology, Entertainment) (13) Name ONE advantage and disadvantage of the internet. Advantage: _____________________________________________ Disadvantage: ___________________________________________ (14) Which statement will you support? The internet is convenient; it is a good assistant to make works run smoothly and efficiently. The practice of using the internet makes a person get addicted to it and isolates himself from the outside world. (15) Is it possible to live without the internet in the modern society? Yes No Section 4: Overview (16) Vigorous development of the mass media isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Specify your reason.) Good,______________________ Bad,_______________________ (17) Mass media is everywhere in our life, it is inevitable to ignore it. Do you agree? Yes No (18) Which of the following will influence ones mind and behaviour mostly? Television programmes Advertisements The Internet This is the end of the questionnaire. Your opinions will greatly assist the process of the analysis. Thank you for your precious time and opinions!

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poem #315 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 315 Essays

An Analysis of Emily Dickinson's Poem #315 I believe that this poem can be interpreted in many different ways. Who is to say that there can only be one explanation or meaning to Dickinson's #315? Since being introduced to this poem, I have heard many different interpretations either from others in my group or from reading about it in web sites or books. In this close reading, I will concentrate on the very first word of this text: He. I will explain who I think this person is and how "He" is responsible for the actions in this poem. In my view, I think the one doing the action in this poem or, "He," is some form of deity. Whether it is God or just a god is beyond my comprehension. I think the only one who knows that answer is Emily Dickinson herself. At first thought, however, I envisioned a supreme Zeus-like god playing the song that is our lives like a musical instrument. We travel through life's trials and tribulations, provided by this being, and we ultimately die at the hand of him. The first line not only introduces this character but explains that his hands are guiding our souls. The mental image I received from the word "fumbles" (line 1) is a simple one. I thought of someone throwing bits of mozzarella cheese on top of a pizza getting ready to be cooked! This can be symbolic of our supreme being throwing at us the events of our lives as it fumbles through his hands with no concern or compassion as to where it falls. The next line verifies this image. "As Players at the Keys" (line 2) is symbolic of a pianist playing the song that is our life. However, the plural usage of "player" might suggest more than one god is in control of our existence. Like a song with its peaks and valleys (representing our life) the pianist's ("He," or, the gods) fingers strike at the "keys" with varying tempo's and force. This also ties in to lines three and four. "Before they drop the full music on - He stuns you by degrees-" At this point I feel Dickinson is trying to tell us that those who are in control of our soul are not in our favor.

Farewell to Manzanar Essay -- essays papers

Farewell to Manzanar Beginning in March of 1942, in the midst of World War II, over 100,000 Japanese-Americans were forcefully removed from their homes and ordered to relocate to several of what the United States has euphemistically labeled â€Å"internment camps.† In Farewell to Manzanar, Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston describes in frightening detail her family’s experience of confinement for three and a half years during the war. In efforts to cope with the mortification and dehumanization and the boredom they were facing, the Wakatsukis and other Japanese-Americans participated in a wide range of activities. The children, before a structured school system was organized, generally played sports or made trouble; some adults worked for extremely meager wages, while others refused and had hobbies, and others involved themselves in more self-destructive activities. The smaller children that were confined with their families seemed to be generally unaware of the hardships they were facing. Many enjoyed individuality and separation from their parents since they didn’t have to keep as close of an eye on the children. In the book, Jeanne notices that it was almost impossible to continue sitting her entire family at dinnertime, and this unfortunate change occurred in many other families as well. For the first year of their confinement, before there was a semi-structured school system, children did just about everything they could think of to pass the time. As anyone would expect... Farewell to Manzanar Essay -- essays papers Farewell to Manzanar Beginning in March of 1942, in the midst of World War II, over 100,000 Japanese-Americans were forcefully removed from their homes and ordered to relocate to several of what the United States has euphemistically labeled â€Å"internment camps.† In Farewell to Manzanar, Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston describes in frightening detail her family’s experience of confinement for three and a half years during the war. In efforts to cope with the mortification and dehumanization and the boredom they were facing, the Wakatsukis and other Japanese-Americans participated in a wide range of activities. The children, before a structured school system was organized, generally played sports or made trouble; some adults worked for extremely meager wages, while others refused and had hobbies, and others involved themselves in more self-destructive activities. The smaller children that were confined with their families seemed to be generally unaware of the hardships they were facing. Many enjoyed individuality and separation from their parents since they didn’t have to keep as close of an eye on the children. In the book, Jeanne notices that it was almost impossible to continue sitting her entire family at dinnertime, and this unfortunate change occurred in many other families as well. For the first year of their confinement, before there was a semi-structured school system, children did just about everything they could think of to pass the time. As anyone would expect...

Anthropology notes

Clan becomes important 1922 â€Å"An account of native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. † BOOK Synoptic chart â€Å"†¦ to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and collected the terms of kinship. But all this remained dead material, which led no further into the understanding of real native mentality or behavior†¦ † (Malinowski, B. 1922) Verandah anthropologistMalinowski is saying in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment Participant-observation â€Å"Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914† o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) †+ Verandah (in a distant country – Rivers) †+ Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings – Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski – left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was thinking of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changingAfter Malinowski, the notes and Querries book was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they are documenting things clearly There's a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about â€Å"string† (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There weren't too many other sources of guidance o People still needed guidance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the whole thing Evans-Pritchard Didn't think notes and querries was helpfulTheorizing culture o Video that we saw â€Å"it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the key to Zande philosophy' (from the video Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless â€Å"even an idiot can produce a new tact† o thing is to product a new idea relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked one cannot study anything without the other â€Å"in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant.You are not Just a member of the audience: you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this can't be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. † (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive Mentality Anthropology notes Clan becomes important 1922 â€Å"An account of native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. † BOOK Synoptic chart â€Å"†¦ to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and collected the terms of kinship. But all this remained dead material, which led no further into the understanding of real native mentality or behavior†¦ † (Malinowski, B. 1922) Verandah anthropologistMalinowski is saying in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment Participant-observation â€Å"Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914† o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) †+ Verandah (in a distant country – Rivers) †+ Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings – Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski – left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was thinking of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changingAfter Malinowski, the notes and Querries book was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they are documenting things clearly There's a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about â€Å"string† (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There weren't too many other sources of guidance o People still needed guidance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the whole thing Evans-Pritchard Didn't think notes and querries was helpfulTheorizing culture o Video that we saw â€Å"it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the key to Zande philosophy' (from the video Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless â€Å"even an idiot can produce a new tact† o thing is to product a new idea relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked one cannot study anything without the other â€Å"in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant.You are not Just a member of the audience: you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this can't be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. † (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive Mentality

American involvement In N. Africa during world war II (Revised)

The second world II was a world wide conflict which started in 1939 and shoe demonstraters lasted in 1945. The state of fight was fought in different invests in the world. virtuoso was fought in Asia at around 1937, the a nonher(prenominal) in Europe in 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germ some(prenominal). A nonher one(a) was withal fought in African continent. It light-emitting diode the world nations to expose into two that is. Allies (Britain and the States) and the axis (Germany and Italy) The fleck gentlemans gentleman state of war started when Hitler lodge ind Poland on family line first in 1939. nigh one million million Australians fought in the Second World struggle in campaigns against Germany and Italy in Europe, matrimony Africa, Mediterranean and against lacquer in S bug come forwardh East Asia as well as in separate parts of the Pacific. The briny focus in this paper will be to argue on the US armament enfolding in northerly Africa during the S econd World War. In 1942, November, United body politic soldiers tweets in conjunction with US soldiery forces staged war against the cut sum Africa. It was the issuance of the long contentious melodic phrase amid American planners of war and those of Britain.The upheaval of this argument was calmed by the American death chairs Franklin D Roosevelt intervention. American hallucination active the Second World War in 1942 was to bam and defeat Germany in former proceeding to Asia to see the harm the Japanese were causing to Pacific territories. In the homogeneous year, the Soviet Army was far everywheremuch pressed by the Germany-panzers variant who were take attacks on Russia. Some American planners mentation it was non necessary to attack northeastward Western Europe.They planned that come 1943, the American soldiers would be well prepared, prepare and equipped to meet the Germanys assertive serviceman. The American planners believed that its arrays famil iarity and resources could help them to accomplish their mission of take Germany soldiery down. The British soldiers leadership under(a) the field come up Alan Brooke (Dennis P. 2002 78) pick out a different approach. They neer persuasion it wise to start launching their attacks in 1942. The main terra firma why they were contrary to this caprice was because taking such(prenominal) a give dash would force United Kingdom to bear much of the armed services burden.At this succession, they could not deplete afforded to have a division in the phalanx because they were experiencing a crimson fight against Germany which had already inflicted a treat of harm to their phalanx. Most of their military had met pie-eyed resistor of the Wehrmatch in France during the disastrous 1940 campaign. At this meter their forces under field marshal Erwin Rommel, they had done practically nothing to end or constrict the German military process in North Africa and in Libya. aft(preno minal) the war, Brooke found the strategy of the mobilise very incompatible and that he did not appreciate what the acts in France would mean.He could not figure out how the Germans could reinforce their attacks about three to four sequences tenderer than theirs and he could not understand how they could arrive from the shortage of sea beguile if the Mediterranean was not laxed. The British opposed this caprice though America promised to provide the invasive forces. They cute the Americans to clear the axis force in the Mediterranean shores of North America and open up that great midland sea for the ally convoys to move in.This culminated into a deadlock that make Brooke to consider substitution the America armys stress from European theatre of surgerys to the pacific, notwithstanding Roosevelt the hence president of America could not accept such an idea that was exchange to their war strategy. This emphasy from Britain never worked to the Americans instead it led R oosevelt to do something that Winston Churchill would never dream of doing. In fact he intervened and overruled his notifyrs who used to advise him on war matters. This was in the summertime of 1942.He ordered his generals to direct their forces to the French North Africa to sup mien the British proposal for come along the coast of North Africa. He did this so that he could divide the anxiety Germans were giving to European war. He valued to divide the assimilation of German because he eyeshot that if he did not do that, then he would come to await German some where in Europe. He knew that his move would be embraced by Britain though it was simply done due to semipolitical necessity and national interests. At this time the British soldiers had no choice exclusively to gang with USA in struggle Morocco and Algeria.From this time the oversight that German had on war in Europe, half of it shifted to the scrap in the Mediterranean. The plan was well strategized. About 65,00 0 men under lieutenant normal Durlght D. Eisenhower were to be trans looked by the assort to invade Casablanca, Roan and Algers. These were the possessions of the French North Africa. Everything went consort the plan and they had a lot of quick success that was attri scarceed to the fact that the axis attention was focused elsewhere. This time the Germans were trying to reduce Stalingrad and the Caucasus.In Egypt at the same period, the Rummels African Korps renewed their offensive attacks on the British area of interests. The British forces under lieutenant General Bernard capital of Alabama organized his army to liaise the move of the Rummels the Montgomerys force entered into a untrained battle with the axis forces. The axis powers had no hope of winning this war and by early November Rummels armies yielded certify to Libya. The move they took was against the wishes of Hitler who had ordered them to detect soldering on. Hitler never at any time contemplated of defeat. He would rather die that witness such humiliations (Ambrose S.2001 58) At the onset of November 1942, the ally forces had started to found up their ships at Gibraltar. The German spies were alive(predicate) just they down played the idea as simply as an otherwise(prenominal) large come forth convoy for reinforcing Malta. The Germanys companion had a different get wind Italy was not so sure of this though Germany never prospect about this gravely but had been ignoring Italys decision. In November ordinal 1942 the foreign German foreign look Ulrich Joachim who was also known as Von Ribbentrop was so sure about the American soldiers who had arrive in Algerian as well as in Maroc ports.These allied forces leveled attacks that had positive results as it was expected, the allied forces thought that the dissident French military officers who had supported them would turn against them however, this did not exit but to their confusion the Vichy French giving medication just as it happened in capital of Senegal and in Syria in the following year, they fought against the assort forces though they did not manage to keep off the invading Germans in France and in Tunisia in the same year, that is 1942. The Vichy French military men couldnt have resisted the German who were very adamant and stubborn to gate-crash the Frenchs down.The Vichys weapons were not up to the standard when compared with those of the Germans. They used tanks enchantment he German possessed rubbish aircrafts though they were not adequacy. The Germans never rely the French Vichy authorities and that was why they could never let them to modify their war technology. They thought that Frenchs would rise up against them if let to acquire modern weapons. delinquent to lack of proper weapons the Vichy Frenchs were un competent to keep sustained resistance against the ally forces who comprised of British soldiers and America soldiers(Atkinson R 2003152)In the initial stage of the war, A merica thought the French North Africa would not attack the Americans though this is not what happened. though they seek to resist they could not resist the Americans averments. They had no effective troops that would manage to keep Americans at bay. though the Americans set downs defeated the Frenchs, not all of them were successful. In fact a landing at Fedela costed the transport Leonard woodwind its 21 landing crafts and many lives perished. excessively in another landing, the transport doubting Thomas Jefferson 16 crafts was destroyed completely beyond revival.The well-nigh affected landing was of the transport canal which lost 18 out of its 25 crafts and in the second curve five of them were ruined leaving exclusively two boats that could carry troops and other supplies. There was serious landing reverse at Mehdia by the French forces. The landing was not safe and was very dangerous. By November 10th, the Americans under major general Lucian Truscott were able to capt ure the airfield from the hands of French military men. This was as a result of a very heavy oceanic gun fire between Frenchs and Americans but later later(prenominal) the negotiations between French leader and the allies in Algeria, fighting stop.On 8th November 1992, the groundwork division had already actualized its dreams in close all areas apart from St. Cloud where they met a very strong French force. During this time the combat was spearheaded by Roosevelt who was by then who was brigadier general. However, the landings begun to be interfered with by the locomote surfs on 8th of November, the landing activities were to be suspended. In the following day the Vichy government tried to counter attack but they met a lot of resistance from Allied force who had support from air bases and ocean baseOran was secured from the hands by the American though the French looked like they would never go but an armistice was signed when the staying parties came together. The most pro ceeding assignment that the allied forces confront was at the port of Algiers. The French had enough ground force plus 52 fighter aircrafts. They also had 39 bombers. The port was heavily guarded so at that limit was no way the Britishs and Americans could have an easy admission to the port. The American troops of the 168th regimental combat landed on the West turn the thirty-ninth combat team went to the East of the port and they raided the port.They used two British destroyers which carried the princely navy personnel and the American troops. onward they could succeed, one of the destroyers was destroyed and it had to go back immediately while the other one succeeded and crossed the barriers. These forces that succeeded captured the power charge and fossil petroleum tank firm and the Frenchs responded to this attack immediately. subsequently some time when the 168th combat multitude failed to turn up, the American commander was squeeze to surrender his troops. The North Africa mission was called operation torch and the city that was their target was Casablanca and was under the command of Eisenhower.These nations (Sam M. 2006 102) were fighting for the control of the Suez transmission channel that linked Africa with the heart and soul East. Suez Canal was the adit of oil from the Middle East and other raw materials from Asia. Due to the mechanization of their armies, oil was a very crucial good and because Britain which had already a mechanized army it totally relied on oil from the Middle East. Britain used Suez Canal as a link to her overseas dominions. This was all made possible by the Mediterranean ocean hence, the struggle. This struggle started at around 1935 when Ethiopia was invaded by Italy which by then had made Somalian land its colony.The move frightened Egypt which was not yet a British colony. They started get worried of its imperialistic aspirations thus in order to cling to its interest and country, it allowed Britain to stati on its army in its territory so as to keep off any advances from Italy. Thereafter, Britain and France took upon themselves the responsibility of maintaining naval control over the Mediterranean with the main Britishs base at Alexandria, Egypt. The British and American troops met little resistance at Algiers, Oran and Casablanca on 8th of November 1942. The war took dress in the North African desert.By the time the war took place the Italian potentate Mussolini had a better equipped army than that of the Britain and America. He had about a million soldiers who were based in Libya while Britain had only 3600 soldiers who were based in Egypt. They were supposed to value the Suez Canal and the oil fields in Arabia. At this time the Italians were a brat to Britain. They had already started showing interest in the red sea and Suez Canal tack on routes. The North Africa campaign in the author was hampered by lack of enough supplies on both sides but later they got equipped.Tough bat tles took place which either rendered one group to advance against each other along the supply routes. numerous of these fights took place in the farthermost East region out of the Mediterranean where they enjoyed uncaring transport (Breuer W. 1985 26) In April 1941, the allied forces were under the leadership of General Bernard Montgomery. charm the British troops worked to keep Germans forces at bay to the West, the US forces were supposed to confront the Frenchs in North Africa under military operation Touch The main power for this reason for this operation was to take over Morocco which was already a French colony, to take Algeria and Tunisia.They precious to offer support to their colleague in the Libyan Desert. They also wanted to make Mediterranean shipping route free to their ships and for other major operations in North Africa. They hoped that they would force the axis of out of the region. They also wanted the axis to reduce their concentration on the Russian forces or in other words, they wanted the Axis forces to divide their war attention between North Africa and Russia. The attack took Germans by surprise because they did not expect it to happen. Later, the French stopped being hostile to the allied forces and allowed them to nave access to Tunisia.Rommel led his armies to various defensive operations. One of the most key operations was of the Kasserine fly the coop where American defenses were crashed by Germans modern tanks. This operation saw 1000 allied troops dead and hundred of them were held prisoners by Germans. They also lost most of their fighting equipments. Though the axis powers thought they were winners, to the allied forces was an waking up call. They went back to their drawing board, assessed their weaknesses and came up with the way forward (Funk A. L. 1974 86)Americans never gave up they send Rommel back to conquer the Kasserine pass so that they could get the Merith line. This time, the axis forces gained advanced and smothered the resistance that until they let 275000 prisoners free. The axis forces in Africa surrendered on may 2nd 1943 after about 350,000 soldiers were captured by the allied forces and 70,000 were casualties. After they quit from the war, the stage was left open for Italian campaign. The axis surrendered because of ruthlessness of the operation retribution which was designed to evacuate German and Italian forces from Tunisia.About 897 were held captives, 653 escaped and were assumed to have might drowned. In conclusion, we have seen how the North African war costed many lives. Many people perished and others were injured. Though the war was took place in Africa, it was not as cutthroat that one in Europe. These wars were fought by these nations to protect their national interests. No country wanted their competitors to have an access or horizontal go near its spheres of influence. Another reason for the fight was to gain supremacy.The Allied Forces were determined to silence Germany and its colleagues which were proving to be a full-grown threat in Europe. Their plan worked as it was expected that is, they engaged Germany to another front so as to divide its concentration on war in Europe. So, it was not war for the sake of war but war for different reasons. In this war America in conjunction with Britain were the main aggressors. They left North African countries super damaged. A lot of people perished while others were injured. The harm this American led war did was more than what one could have expected.Reference Dennis P. The oxford buster to Australian Military History. Melbourne. Oxford University press. 2002 78 Breuer W. motion Torch The Allied Gamble to well over North. St. Martins Press. 1985 26 Funk A. L. The Politics of Torch, University press. 1974 86 Sam M. At all cost How crippled and two American merchant mariners Turned the Tide of world WarII. random House. 2006 102 Ambrose S. The good Fight How World War II Was Won. Atheneum. New York. 2001 58 Atkinson R. An army at Dawn The war in North Africa 1942-1943. Newyork Henry Holt. 2003 152