Analyze a Political Cartoon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze a Political Cartoon - Essay Example Ultimately, the power of the cartoon cannot be found within any single component of its message but rather with the entire combination of symbolism, labeling, and exaggeration that it presents. Finally, the analysis will seek to answer the question of whether or not the portrayal of the cartoon is effective in persuading the viewer and/or audience to think or view a situation in a given context or manner. The first aspect of the cartoon that grips the viewer’s attention is the clear use of symbolism and labeling that the cartoonist has employed to denote the Christian, Muslim, and members of the SCAF that are represented. This labeling simplifies the issue and allows the participants within the cartoon to be reduced and simplified to a mere 3 active entities. By utilizing the Christian cross, the Muslim crescent and the insignia and uniforms of the SCAF, the reader is made aware of what each participant within the cartoon represents and symbolizes. ... This level of purity is further symbolized by the fact that the Christian and Muslim man (representing the broader populations of both of these entities within Egypt) are clothed in white. Naturally, exaggeration is also employed in a massively effective means as the SCAF is denoted to be an insidious and corrupting influence that displays the same generic and shameful behavior under the guise of its constitutionally given power. This exaggeration is the strength behind the entire cartoon. Although the Christian and the Muslim occupy center stage within the confines of this political cartoon, it is the corrupting influence of the SCAF that provides the power behind the image that is typified. Yet, rather than making a blanket statement regarding the ultimate goodness or evil that is exhibited by the SCAH, the cartoon seeks to strike at the core of the problems that are exhibited within Egypt; namely a power structure that is able to take advantage of natural and key fault lines that exist within the political spectrum; thereby allowing the members of the government and the SCAH to behave in a manner that they would not do otherwise. In short, the increase in division serves the purposes that they strive to accomplish (Lawate 2). Ultimately, the reader and/or researcher can understand that the given political cartoon is not only effective in communicating an understanding of the present day situation within Egypt and/or the Arab world, it is extraordinarily effective in such a task. Although this is not always the case for a political cartoon, this particular cartoon is one which allows its underlying simplicity and the vocal and omnipresent nature of its participants to speak to its underlying truth. Due to the fact that almost all

Ethics and Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and Business - Research Paper Example One field in which ethics are applied is in the field of business spanning from accounting to auditing. Ethics and professionalism are currently applied in various organizational settings and in many emerging issues of the business world. It is necessary for businesses to be governed by ethics, but this is a two way traffic affair since accounting and auditing standards also impact on ethics. Apart from these two business tenets, emerging issues and the business environment also have an effect on the ethics of business operations (Houghton, 2005). Business ethics refers to the moral rules and codes of conduct that govern business procedures. These rules also govern the manner in which business managers make decisions concerning organizational matters. Ethics and regulations in the business are related because ethics govern the manner in which business regulations are done. Therefore, regulations in business impact on ethics because when establishing business ethics of a particular company, the management puts into consideration the regulations that may arise in the course of business procedures. For example, the day to day running of the business enterprise requires that managers and supervisors regulate the functions of different workers and the manner in which the organization conducts business with other companies

Strategic Management And Leadership Semco Case Study Business Essay

Strategic Management And Leadership Semco Case Study Business Essay Executive Summary: The purpose of this report is to identify the leadership and management styles adopted by Ricardo Semler and their impact on the strategic choices of Semco. This report will also explore various management and leadership theories and the resultant effect on organisational and leadership strategy. Introduction: The report intends to take a holistic view of the management and leadership styles and theories and their impacts on organizational leadership and strategy in the backdrop of Semco. Continuing further, the report will assess and evaluate the leadership requirements of Semco and formulate a suitable leadership development plan. A brief look into the evolution of Ricardo Semlers Semco is necessary to understand the organization. Semco, despite challenging the traditional style of corporate management, has continued to grow by leaps and bounds ever since the legendary Ricardo Semler took charge. The organization that was thought to have adopted a management style often termed as a recipe for disaster has been a champion of change with profits growing consistently. Semco had a manifold increase in profitability, growth and productivity, which is remarkable considering the many years of economic melt-down and the volatile political scenario it was operating in. Such an accomplishment requires full faith in employees and a commitment from the top management, but it was not always so. This progress was gradual and methodical as will be demonstrated in the following sections. 1: Leadership styles adopted by Mr. Semler and impact on strategy Ricardo Semmler The authoritarian: When Ricardo Semmler joined his fathers company in 1979, the company was involved in manufacturing equipment for the shipping industry. The revenues were shrinking and despite Semmlers insistence to diversify into other businesses, the management stuck to the same industry. When Mr. Semmler was made in charge in 1980, his first action was to fire 60% of the top management which opposed his radical ideas. An autocratic style of leadership, as theorized by Kurt Lewin, is evident from many actions taken by Semmler. This was combined with a traditional management style which involved following a strict policies and procedures framework for almost every task. Reports and manuals were a norm. The focus was on productivity and achievement of goals. The management performed the traditional roles, as described by Henry Fayol in his theory of 5 functions of management, namely; planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling the organization. This management style suited well to the fairly authoritarian style of leadership of Ricardo Semmler who held the power to decide for the organisation. Impact on strategy He changed the strategy of the organization, shifting the focus from shipping industry only to diversification into various industries. His vision was to reduce reliance on one industry only and expand into different businesses. This meant that the achievement of tasks were the focal point of the strategy while the employees felt stressed and de-motivated. Innovation seemed non-existent and steadily the staff turnover began to rise. Stress took its toll on Ricardo Semmler himself and his health condition became worse. This was the time for a change. The Change: Source: http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/images/Managerial%20Grid.gif The management grid by Blake and Mouton perfectly describes the styles of management adopted by Semco. Initially, Semco was located in the bottom right section aiming for high production with low concern for people but gradually the shift towards Team management whereby the organization is divided into small teams operating fairly independently of others but in a coordinated way with high productivity while keeping employees motivated and satisfied. Ricardo Semmler The Democrat: This was when he turned the tables around, making the change by involving the employees in almost every decision made in the company. The change was not a drastic one, it was gradual yet steady. Ricardo Semmler had realized that employees involvement in the decisions related to the organization was essential. They must be well aware of what the organization wants to achieve. Employees should give in their 100% regardless of the skills set they possess. For these reasons, Semmler transformed himself and adopted a leadership style that was identical to Kurt Lewins participative style of leadership. Reforms such as removing the formal line of authority, discarding the organization chart, letting employees set their salaries, select work hours that suit them and even choose their managers and spiraling the organisition into one where there are no cabins and where employees are involved in all major decisions made by the organization are all evidences of the change in management style by Ricardo Semmler. Impact on strategy These actions have brought about a change in the overall strategy of the organization. The employees are aligned with the strategic objectives of the organization. The organization now operates with a strategy that promotes culture of overall openness sharing ideas and providing feedback. The strategy of Semco is now to involve employees in the organizations benefits through its unique profit-sharing scheme, motivating them to work for the growth of the company they can call their own. The organizations structure has been re-defined, moving from hierarchical to business unit approach with teams at the core. Teams mutually decide upon what needs to be done and who will be responsible for what tasks. For this to be achieved multi-tasking is pivotal and most employees are adept at majority of the tasks performed within the unit. This promotes ideas of self-governance and self-management and incorporates responsibility among employees into the overall strategy of the organization. The f ocus has shifted from being task oriented to more people oriented with high importance given to productivity. 2: Link between management and leadership theories 2.1 Leadership and Strategic Management: Leadership and management are two distinct systems that must co-exist in any organization. Managers tend to have a short-term orientation and usually solve problems as they appear. Leaders on the other hand are more forward looking and make decisions that suit the long term interests of the organization. Leadership and management both shape up the organization. While leaders decide on the direction of the organization, provide the resources and set the frame, managers ensure that the objectives are achieved within the allocated resources. Theoretically, managers and leaders are considered to be separate. However, managers will not be working alone and will be managing a team of individuals for achieving the targets set for them. This will require a degree of leadership skills too as this would call for influencing the actions and thoughts of other people. Henry Fayols 5 Functions of Management (1916) http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Leadership-Management/48673 Henry Fayol devised a theory which suggested that management is essentially a combination of stepped activities, namely; Planning: Plans are made, budgets are decided, limitations are taken into account and parameters of operations are established. This role is commonly shared by both the leader and the manager. A leader would usually be planning for the longer-term while the managers viewpoint is fairly shorter and focuses on immediate targets. Organizing: The second phase invariably includes the allocation of resources that would be consumed for achievement of objectives. Decisions about financial capital, human capital and the structure to be followed for attaining success are taken. Commanding: This ensues deriving the optimum out of the resources. Managers communicate clearly what is expected from the employees and lead by example. Coordinating: Teams will be striving for their individual targets and a balance needs to be maintained among all activities. Harmonization of activities is vital and so is management of conflicting interests. Leaders would take the driving seat. Controlling: Sizing up the benefits of activities is important. Controlling is measuring performance to be able to plan for the future. Leaders would again be looking at the long-term implications of the actions performed and decide on the future strategy. Managers on the other hand will be more concerned with what needs to be repeated and what is to be avoided. To sum it up, Henry Fayol proposed a management theory which describes the functions of management but in effect, it also categorizes the traditional role performed by the leaders as well. Peter Druckers 5 Management Processes (1954) http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Leadership-Management/48673 Peter Drucker, a renowned management theorist had a similar viewpoint of the process of management. According to him, management plays a predefined role in any context. These are: Objective Setting: Leaders provide the vision of the organization as a whole and managers, for their part, set the direction of their individual units. Motivation: Employees need to be motivated if managers want to extract their full potential. Leaders and managers have a variety of motivational tactics to use. Some could be financial incentives, while others are more humanistic in nature. Task Organisation: A manager needs to organize the task and organize the activities for the smooth operations leading to realization of objectives. Measurement: Performance needs to be measured in order to identify any divergences from the required performance and to find ways to fill any gaps in the desired and actual performance. Training and Coaching: Managers and leaders must develop their sub-ordinates. Managers and leaders have to train and coach their sub-ordinates in order for them to perform to the required level. Transactional Management and Transformational Leadership The transactional and transformational theories are another way of describing the inter-relationship and distinction between managers and leaders. According to this theory, managers are more involved with day to day activities of the organization while leaders are concerned with the strategic vision. Managers follow the set principles while leaders challenge the status quo. Leaders are more concerned with bringing about the change in the culture while managers implant that change in the organization. The primary role of a leader is to set the direction while managers ensure the organization is kept on track. Mckinseys 7S Framework http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_91.htm Source: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_91.htm The model suggests that any organization has 7 building blocks. The blocks are categorized as: Soft Elements: Shared Values, Skills, Style Staff Hard Elements: Structure, Systems and Strategy The model places highest importance to the shared values placed in the middle. It re-iterates the fact that all other elements are derived from the vision for what the organization wants to achieve. The Hard elements are determined by the leadership style chosen while the soft elements are drawn from management. Leaders would; evaluate what set of skills are possessed by the employees and what should to be developed select the staff taking into consideration their abilities and the needs of the organization; and Decide upon The style in which the organization is taken forward. The style of leadership would depend on circumstances Managers on the other hand; Shape the structure of the organization using tools such as reporting lines, organization charts etc Develop a plan, allocate resources and decide the course of action. In short, devise a strategy Craft the policies and procedures and standards on how tasks are performed. Leadership style may have profound impact on the strategy of an organization. A transformational style of leadership may stir up the enterprise, motivate and spur action. Such a leader provides an insight into the future, takes the initiative, inspires followers, involves stakeholders, improvises, thoughtful about individuals and implements successfully. This form of leadership would lead to an overhaul of the way the organization operates. A transactional leader on the other hand would have a strategy of maintaining the status quo and keep the current operations. Add Emotional Intelligence 3: Utilize appropriate techniques to review Semco leadership requirements 3.1: Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements In order to completely understand the requirements of leadership, it is necessary to understand the environment Semco is operates in, the phase the Semco itself is going through, what pressures are exerted from an industry sector, what its structure is and what the strategic direction it has assumed by the corporate parent. Semco strives to develop a competitive advantage. This is achived by looking at four factors according to Porters Diamond. These are: Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: strategy is what the organization wants to achieve. Structure of the enterprise should be developed to support the strategy and rivalry serves as motivation. Demand Conditions: portrays the demand of products and services. Factor conditions would be developed according to these demand conditions Related and supporting industries: an industry cannot survive without its associated industries. Semmler saw this when the shipping industry was shaking and Semco was badly hit. Factor conditions: The resources of the nation are the factor conditions. Education, mineral resources, capital goods all account for here. What we already possess and what needs to be developed. STEEPLE: Semco is primarily involved in production of heavy industrial equipment and development of intelligent systems however, it also holds stakes in an investment company and energy sector.A STEEPLE analysis is used to understand the environment that Semco operates in. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html Social factors: Semco has shown high concern for social factors. It pays its staff good salaries and keeps them motivated. Semcos policy is to maintain a work/life balance evidenced by initiatives such as Retire a little bit allowing employees to do what they want. Technlogical factors: Technoloical advancement is the need of time and organizations need to identify and discover new technologies to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Economic: Semco operates in the fastest growing South American economy. It is among the emerging economies that have shown revival signs. Growth is expected to be 5% in 2010 as per the Central Bank. GDP composition by sector is: Agriculture:Â  6.1% Industry:Â  25.4% Services:Â  68.5% (2009 est.) Environmental: Brazil is the 7th largest oil consumer in the world and 10th largest when it comes to electricity. This is largely because major part of economy is related to industry. This poses a threat to environment. http://www.semco.com.br/en/content.asp?content=2contentID=548 Political: Semco operates in a political environment where, in the past, the government has often changed monetary, fiscal, taxation and other policies to influence the course of Brazils economy. Such actions are beyond control and Semco cannot predict what measures or policies the Brazilian government may take to influence the economy. Legal: The legal structure in Brazil is one that welcomes foreign investment. There are no requirements for government approvals or minimum investments. http://www.lexmundi.com/images/lexmundi/PDF/guide_brazil.pdf Ethical: Ethics is a major issue of concern in Brazil. It ranked among the 15 most corrupt countries in the world. There have been cases of corruption in the public sector. http://www.brazzil.com/cvrmar97.htm STEEPLE provides an insight into the macro environment Semco operates in. It is also important to understand the phase that Semco is going through as an individual organization. The organization has taken a strategy of diversification by entering new markets and developing new products. This has been done by revolutionizing the current practices, regular reinvention and constant renewal. Semco operates in a complex environment although the environment provides plenty of opportunities that might match its strengths. Semco needs to adopt a strategy of global companionship and to partner with international, well-reputed organizations to achieve economies, compete effectively and lead the market. It has to build strong bonding between the sister concerns and develop strong networks within the group and with parties external to the group. It needs a leadership that promotes mergers, acquisitions and alliances in order to continue its long run of success. 3.2: Plan development of leadership according to future needs: Semco needs to develop leadership that has the ability to foresee the future requirements and have a strong sense of responsibility. Semco needs to make use of the corporate parent theory to productively apply the concept of diversification through mergers and acquisitions. Strong communication skills are an essential attribute that must be developed to avoid ambiguities. The leader must be able to network well with inter-related parties and command respect so that others may give to heed his ideas. The leader should have the strength to accept his mistakes and the humility to give credit where it is due. Semcos culture is the core competency that it has developed over the years. Its competitors have been unsuccessful at adopting the culture, either because of lack of resources or lack of conviction. 4: Produce a future leadership plan for Semco

Using Wikis in Education Essay -- Education

The diffusion of online tools in education is increasing exponentially. Sener (2010) cites an increase of online class enrollees from 1.6 million in 2002 to 5.6 million in 2009. Moloney and Oakley (2010) predict an annual increase of 20% over the next few years of participants in online education. In order to meet the needs of a changing student population, educators must be aware of the myriad of tools available to enhance learning. This paper presents the use of wikis in education and evaluates the wiki’s effectiveness according to Chickering and Gamson’s Seven Principles of Good Practice (as cited in Hoskins, 2010). Introduction to Wikis The wiki is a browser based editing program which allows multiple users to contribute and edit text. It includes editing tools similar to a word processor that allow the user to control text size and color, make the text bold or italicized, and enter web links and pictures. Changes are tracked by the software and successive edits can be monitored or even rolled back to a previous version. The program allows email notification of changes made as chosen by the user in the settings of their account (Cunningham, 2002; Crocker, Hutchings, Nussey, Park, & Springate, 2010). In education, wikis are useful in that they allow open editing of a document. If one student sees an error, they can simply change the text. Crocker et al. (2010) mention limited knowledge of wikis by graduate students, but point out that interaction on the wiki creates dialogue between students which enhances their learning. The activity on the wiki is useful to educators because it promotes contact and cooperation between students, encourages active learning, and ensures prompt feedback from other users. The col... ...igher education: exploring barriers to successful implementation. Interactive Learning Environments, 18(3), 219-231. Kardong-Edgren, S., Ha, Y., Hallmark, E., Hurd, D., Oermann, M., Snelson, C., & Tennant, M. (2009).Using a wiki in nursing education and research. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship 6(1), 1-10. Doi: 10.2202/1548-923X.1787 Kleine-Staarman, J., & Pifarre, M. (2011). Wiki-supported collaborative learning in primary education: How a dialogic space is created for thinking together. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 6, 187-205. Moloney, J. F., & Oakley, B.,II. (2010). Scaling online education: Increasing access to higher education. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 14, 55-70. Sener, J. (2010). Why online education will attain full scale. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 14, 3-16.

Compare and Contrast 1984-Brave New World Essay

â€Å" Do you see, then, what kind of world we are creating? † (Orwell, 1950 p. 267)George Orwell, author of 1984 released in 1950, present the idea of a society that proves to be a dystopia as it is completely based on fear and rarely does one see happiness while in the other hand, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World presents the idea of a functional utopia were feelings are destroyed and no one is unhappy because they don’t know happiness but all this could change by the hands of one outcast. These two societies ruled in different ways-one through fear and the other through psychological and physical manipulation- present successful ways to maintain order and power, although they differ greatly and outcasts have different aims and uses. In a society where fear is predominant, physical and mental capacities reach a stagnant state as the will to survive and loyalty become predominant. In a different society where men are created to the liking of their rulers and are controlled with drugs instead of fear, the meaning of a utopia can disappear but yet subjects will think everything is perfect. Finally a sense of false equality, manipulation, and fear allow total and utter control. In societies like the ones depicted in these two books, nothing is perfect and nothing is true. Members of these communities cannot know what is true because this will make them become dangerous to their leaders. The use of fear in 1984 and the idea of Big Brother facilite control as the idea of constant surveillance and Thought Police puts everything a member of this society does to the test and when they make a false move, they know they are done for. The scene where Winston talks about two plus two not being for or if Gravity is a force that works really depicts the kind of fear installed by the party. â€Å"The heresy of heresies was common sense. And what was terrifying was not only that they would kill you for thinking otherwise, but that they might be right. For, after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or that the force of gravity works? † (Orwell, 1950 p. 80). As explained by the quote, doubting whatever the party said could end up in negative ramifications. It is incredible how people can adjust to these changes. Things that seem so simple be questioned and believed, which is even worse. The mutability of the party’s adherents is astonishing as they change whenever the part needs them to follow the most ridiculous ideas as if they were normal and all of this is achieved through fear. Winston also mentions the fact that your mind can fail you. â€Å"The most deadly danger of all was talking in your sleep. There was no way of guarding against that, so far as he could see. † (Orwell, 1950 p. 64). Even thinking erroneously about the parties flaws and going against their ideas can be lethal as sleep talking cannot be controlled and can always be heard. The third example of fear and its installment in Winston’s mind is when he receives the letter from Julia. â€Å"One, much the more likely, was that the girl was an agent of the Thought Police (†¦) the thing that was written on the paper might be a threat, a summon, an order to commit suicide, a trap of some description. (Orwell, 1950 p. 106). This displays how fear can make something normal seem completely hazardous and how reliance on others can be purged as you do not know what to expect from anyone. Even though people may be unhappy, this demonstrates to be successful as no one goes against the status quo. In contrast to 1984, Brave New World doesn’t need fear since if they want change, they create new beings to change or just bring out soma but still, control is maintained. Physical and psychological manipulation gives a sense of order even though it is non-existent, and drug use maintains a false control that seems alright to everyone inside that sphere however, when someone notices this false control, he will become a problem. In Huxley’s Brave New World, which is supposed to be a Utopia, equality is not present and this is what a utopia is supposed to be about. Within the social classes, the top ones still think of the lower ones as useless and basically inferior. Lenina demonstrates this through the following quote. â€Å"What a hideous colour khaki is,† remarked Lenina, voicing the hypnopaedic prejudices of her caste. † (Huxley, 1946, p. 42). This quote demonstrates that even messages coming from the government promote separatist ideas and at the same time they promote equality. Drug use and psychological manipulation allows this to maintain epsilons happy with how they are, also maintaining absolute control over society. Hypnopaedia as seen before, doesn’t always promote the values of a Utopia as it should. Another hypnopaedic message demonstrating this is â€Å"Every one works for everyone else. We can’t do without any one. Even Epsilons are useful. We couldn’t do without Epsilons. Every one works for everyone else. We can’t do without anyone. † (Huxley, 1946, p. 50). The use of Soma is a very important factor as it is a way of escaping the reality of a supposed utopia that in reality is everything but a utopia. â€Å"Why you don’t take soma when you have these dreadful ideas of yours. You’d forget all about them. And instead of feeling miserable, you’d be jolly. So jolly,† she repeated and smiled (†¦)† (Huxley, 1946, p. 62). It is very important to realize how this method of control still proves to be successful and allows organization for the government to preserve. Whether it’s installing fear, secret organizations, and complete surveillance or actually creating subjects, it is evident that both methods are thriving as they sustain order and undemanding management of society. Winston, who was the soul and heart of change in 1984 , ended up failing and the idea, person, or whatever Big Brother is, who he hated the most actually ended up taking over him and it is mentioned in the novel. He won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. † (Orwell, 1950 p. 268) The only man who was capable of causing change and denouncing the artificiality his government was based on. Fear has now proved to be a functioning method of control. In comparison to Brave New World, the outsider and only man capable of making others realize the lie they lived in ended up killing himself. â€Å"Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south- west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east.. † (Huxley, 1946 p. 176) This also verifies the effectiveness of this method and according to this, both men failed to change the status quo. By the end of both novels, no change was made and both fear and manipulation proved to be effective ways of maintaining control. As the predominance of both fear and manipulation grow, methods of changing society and its governance method become scarce and even those who go to extremes find themselves with unfeasible situations where physical and mental capacity will be pushed to new limits but yet, not enough to revolutionize their societies. This is mainly due to most of those who have been subjected and accepted the reality in which they live in, which is what both Winston and John go through but their ways to accept it, were vastly different. Even though there are some with strong minds and others who have not been toyed with, it will never be enough to fight fear nor manipulation of the human being.

Religion and Morality Essay

In this paper I will discuss the relationship between religion and morality. I will first address the question asked by those with religion, how are atheists moral? Then I will examine morality and its relativity to culture. Next I will explore whether those without a religion are actually more moral than those with a religion. And finally, I will discuss any possible objections to my claims. This argument is in no way saying that those that believe in God are unmoral but that those who don’t believe in God, are just as capable of being moral. Being atheist means that you choose to believe that God, or a god, does not exist. You have no faith or religion, you don’t go to church every Sunday morning, or pray every night before you go to bed. Therefore the belief is that you’re condemned to spend the rest of eternity in hell. So just because a person doesn’t believe in a God, does that make them a bad person? A common question of those with religion is, where do atheists get their moral compass from? Atheists aren’t taught by any type of ultimate superior that they can’t lie, cheat, steal, rape, or murder. So how do they know not to do it? The underlying message I interpret from this is: religion is what keeps everybody in the world moral. That the only thing stopping you from murdering someone is reading a Bible (Marcotti, 2011). Just because you don’t have a bible does it mean that you want to go around blowing up buildings and terrorizing grocery stores. It’s safe to assume that most people want to do good in the world. There is the occasional serial killer every once in a while but, the bulk of the world’s population is promoting good that exists in all forms because everybody has a different idea of whats right from wrong. Some people make incredible scientific discoveries to better mankind, that’s considered good. Others might go to countries and help those less fortunate, also good. One might reply that these are just acts of morality. And that they still don’t define a moral person. But if you think about it, nobody’s born with a perfect moral compass. Nobody is born with morals. Not even those that are born into a religion. In our society, when we’re young and we tell a white lie, we learn the consequences. Some are told by their parents, who are told by the Bible, that it is wrong. Others learn that when you deceive people, it can have many effects. Through experience and questioning, do children acquire their sense of right and wrong. Which accompanies them throughout the rest of their lives. In Louise M. Antony’s Philosophers Without Gods, she says that, â€Å"All that is lost, if there is no God, is a divine enforcer. In a world without God, there is no guarantee that the virtuous will ever be rewarded, nor that the vicious will ever be punished. We must do what is right simply because it is right,† (Antony, 2007, pg. 51). Let’s look at morality and religion from a cultural standpoint. â€Å"When used in a descriptive sense [morality] refers to codes of conduct that are actually put forward and accepted by some society, group, or individual,† (Gert, 2012). If you think about it, there are over seven billion people spread out over seven continents in our world. The majority of those people have a religion and believe in a God. But, what about the people that aren’t even exposed to the idea of a God? Let’s say a rural, very secluded tribe in the habitable regions of northeast Asia. Just because they don’t have a religion, would that make them bad people? If they lead a simple life and didn’t steal, lie, commit adultery, or murder, why should they be branded as unmoral for something they have no control over. An excellent insight into Chinese culture and religion is portrayed in the book, The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck. Even though this example is a fictional story, it’s based off of a real culture and the religious views of that culture in the late nineteenth century. The protagonist Wang Lung practices a religion with the Earth. When his crop is well and thriving he pays homage to the Earth God and when his crop is poor he resents the Earth God. At a point in the book, Wang Lung kills his newborn daughter because of her sex. During a time of famine, he steals gold coins from a wealthy family. And after he encounters money and prosperity, he spends his time in a tea house with a concubine instead of with his dying wife (Sparknotes Editors, 2012). But, in this story the main character does feel guilt for the things that he did. Knowing that it wasn’t right, and that it didn’t feel right to kill his newborn child, Wang Lung still did it and the act was perfectly acceptable according to their culture. When he stole the gold from the wealthy, he knew morally that it was wrong but, his family needed the money therefore his motivation was to provide for them. And when he purchased a concubine, Wang Lung was complying with the cultural norm of wealthy Chinese men. Whereas in our culture, and its predominant religion, the idea of adultery and lust is considered unmoral. It is even arguable that those without a religion are more genuinely moral. For example, the Christian religion. The whole belief is that you don’t sin and therefore are rewarded with eternal bliss. If you do sin then you will be forever damned. The motivation for all the good that they are guided to do is to have a better afterlife, selfish isn’t it? Well one who has no religion, has no belief in the afterlife. All the actions and choices that they make in this physical life are all they have. They live for today instead of living for tomorrow, metaphorically. When you do the right thing, like not lie, cheat, steal, then your life will reflect upon that. If you rape someone then our judicial system will lock you up in a concrete cell for a few decades and then you just wasted half of the only life you have. From this you could say that an Atheist has more to lose by not being moral. For this argument, well known atheists, Ricky Gervais said, â€Å"Forgiveness is probably the greatest virtue there is. But that’s exactly what it is - ­ a virtue. Not just a Christian virtue. No one owns being good. I’m good. I just don’t believe I’ll be rewarded for it in heaven. My reward is here and now. It’s knowing that I try to do the right thing. That I lived a good life,† (Gervais, 2010). A possible objection brought upon by these claims would be simply that God made morality and it’s not something we acquire. And for those that have faith in God, in all honesty why should they believe any differently? Their faith is what allows them to believe without having any need for reason, and that is extremely commendable. Many people aren’t capable of providing that much trust in the existence of a supernatural being. In this case, there are two sides to the story and it really does come down to which side you are on. Those that have a religion would say that their morality has come from the teachings of that religion. But, they wouldn’t know any otherwise. Even if they came to religion later in life, the bible provides written, physical guidance. An atheist would have a clean palette, not influenced by any ideas or direction. So the question of their morality is perfectly understandable. Its like saying if I had a candy bar, how could somebody else conjure that candy bar and experience the same sensation of it. In this paper, I explored a few concepts that argue the relationship between religion and morality. First by arguing where morality comes from, I said that it is something that we acquire through society. Next I said that morality is related to the religions amidst a culture. Last, I put forward that those without a religion are actually more moral than those with a religion. I Finished by providing objections and a point of view for those with a religion. The examples from literature that were used supported the claims made in the paragraphs. With these arguments, I believe that the relationship between religion and morality was effectively exposed. That it is not necessary for one to have a religion and be moral. References Antony, L. (2007). Philosophers Without Gods’ . Oxford University Press Gert, Bernard, â€Å"The Definition of Morality†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = . Gervais, Ricky (2010) â€Å"Ricky Gervais: Why I’m an Atheist† The Wall Street Journal [Online] Available at: http://blogs. wsj. com/speakeasy/2010/12/19/a-holiday-message-from-ricky-gervais-why-im-an-atheist/ Marcotte, Amanda (2011) â€Å"10 Myths Many Religious People Hold About Atheists, Debunked† AlterNet [Online] Available at: http://www. alternet. org/story/152395/10_myths_many_religious_people_hold_about_atheists,_debunked SparkNotes Editors. (2003). SparkNote on The Good Earth. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/goodearth/Ã'Ž

The Way essays

The Way essays Tao means the way. It is basically indefinable. It has to be experienced. It refers to a power, which envelops, surrounds and flows through all things, living and non-living. The Tao regulates natural processes and nourishes balance in the Universe. It embodies the harmony of opposite, in other words there would be no love without hate, no light without dark, no male without female. According to the Tao Te Ching, it is the first principle of the universe, the all-embracing reality from which everything else arises. The Tao cannot be defined in words and is not an idea or concept. Chuang-tzu said, It may be attained but not seen. Its presence is everywhere, not as a spiritual being, but as the basic stuff which all things have been issued. It gives life to all living beings and maintains them with no likes or dislikes. The back of our textbook puts it best: Accept what is in front of you without wanting the situation to be other than it is. Study the natural order of things and work with it rather than against it, for to try to change what is only sets up resistance. Nature provides everything without requiring payment or thanks, and also provides for all without discrimination. In other words: Simply be. Classical Taoist philosophy, formulated by Lao Tsu, the anonymous editor of the Tao Te Ching, and Chuang-tzu, was a reinterpretation and development of an ancient nameless tradition of nature worship and divination. Lao Tsu and Chuang-tzu, living at a time of social disorder and great religious skepticism, developed the notion of the Tao as the origin of all creation and the force, unknowable in its essence but observable in its manifestations, that lies behind the functionings and changes of the natural world. They saw in Tao and nature the basis of a spiritual approach to living. This, they believed, was the answer to the burning issue of the day: what is the basis of a stable, unified, and e ...

Success story of airasia Essays

Success story of airasia Essays Success story of airasia Essay Success story of airasia Essay The business world Is a tough one. Unless one Is lucky enough to establish Itself In the market that has very few competitors, every business usually have a very rough time. And in todays scenario, where there is high level of competition not only on the local, regional, and national front, but also from global enterprises, the business world has become a place where it is difficult to even get by. The Lorene Industry too Is one of the toughest and most challenging In the world today, and has been so for last couple of decades. Ever since the winds of globalization started blowing all over the globe. It was always a difficult task for an airline to establish itself in a competitive market and Air Asia too faced the same hurdles that many other airlines faced. The difference however, is that Air Asia managed to rise above its initial setbacks and is today one of the most influential and successful airlines in Asia as well as the global aviation sector. The Lore ne was founded In the year 1 993 and the first flight of Alarm Salsa took to the skies In November 1996. Within a few years, the airline was heavily In debt and there was talk that the airline would have to wrap up its operations and say goodbye to the aviation sector forever. In the year 2001 however, Tony Fernando, the business honcho known for his shrewd business skills took an interest in the airline and his company Tune Air SD Bad finally took over the same year at a token amount of Just 1 ringing. At that time, a debt of USED 11 million was staring in the face of the airline and only a miracle could save It. The miracle was Tony Fernando and his efficient management and operational executives. After the takeover, Air Asia developed a new strategy to attract customer by offering flights at fares as less as MYRA 1. This created a lot of hype for the airline and customers were soon lining up for tickets. Another strategy of introducing new routes and revamping the operational aspect of the airline saw Air Salsa doing a complete turnabout and the company recorded a profit In the year 2002 Itself. The year 2003 saw Air Asia take another leap by starting off with international operations in the form of a flight to Bangkok. Singapore soon saw more and more Air Asia international flights taking off from its airport and so did other cities in many countries all over Asia. This momentum was never lost out on, and today, Air Asia is a name that holds a prominent position among the low fare carriers and also among all other carriers In the aviation Industry. Growing with the region From a 2 aircraft- and 250 staff member-company, Eurasia now has approximately 130 aircrafts and employs 10,000 people. It has 15 hubs In the SEAN region, flies to 10 Hong Kong SARA, Macaw, Taiwan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Nepal, and Saudi Arabia. Sixty-five (65) of its 95 destinations are in Southeast Asia. Eurasia carried 37 million guests in 2012 alone, and more than 200 million guests to date, making it the biggest airline in SEAN in terms of passenger volume. It has been operationally profitable every year since 2001. But whats more encouraging is news about the airlines business impact. Raisins operations trigger economic activities and benefit not Just the airlines employees and their families, but also indirectly offer anis to players inside and outside the travel and tourism industry. SEAN people and location Aside from its low-cost business model, Eurasia attributes its growth to its people. Raisins workforce comprises of people from different SEAN countries, allowing the airline to benefit from SEAN talents diverse backgrounds and familiarity with the region. Raisins strategic location in Southeast Asia is equally important. Raisins location allows the airline access to the regions 600 million people needing affordable air travel. Its proximity to China and India, as well as Japan and South Korea, further expands Raisins reach to a market of more than 3 billion people. It also gains from Jeans growing economy and expanding middle income class. More people are now flying as SEAN populations disposable incomes increase, economic and business activities rise, and Gaps of most SEAN countries grow. Heavily invested in SEAN Eurasia believes SEAN is the place to be in now. Confident of continued growth in the region, it is thinking of setting up associate airlines in other SEAN countries. It plans to open more routes, increase flight frequencies, offer new products and revise, and set more Joint ventures in the region. As part of its regional expansion, Eurasia X has ordered a total of 25 units of Airbus AWAY and 10 Airbus AWAY, while Eurasia ordered 475 units of Airbus AWAY aircraft, making it the largest airline customer of Airbus for its AWAY model. It is bullish on the SEAN Community and sees the SEAN integration as a component of its future success. For Eurasia, an integrated SEAN will result to more streamlined operations, increased access to a bigger talent pool, higher demand for travel, and a more encouraged investment limited. The implementation of SEAN Open Skies, in particular, is envisioned to mean growth in number of destinations and frequencies, and true liberalizing of air travel. Towards this end, Eurasia has established Eurasia Sean to support rationalization efforts within and outside the company. It has begun to prepare the Eurasia Group for the SEAN Economic Community (ACE) by 201 5 and has been a steadfast advocate of SEAN integration efforts as it urges business community to transcend a national mindset and embrace a regional outlook. Everyone can fly Eurasia continues to pave the way for low-cost air travel thru innovative solutions, efficient processes, and a passionate approach to business. With its tagging Now everyone can fly, it holds fast to its aim of making air travel truly accessible to not only the 600 million people in SEAN but also to the billions of people who together call SEAN, Northeast Asia, and South Asia home. 1)Never afraid to challenge the norm. A few years ago, people had to call a travel agent or airline operator to buy a flight ticket. Air Asia challenged the norm by riding on the e-commerce wave. It invested in user-friendly website interface and allows travelers to book and print flight ticket anytime and also introduce online check in services. This has proven to be enormously successful especially in engaging with toughen-Y customers. 2)Dare to Think Big and Serve the right Customer Air Asia business model has always been focusing in low cost operation and serving the mass market. They know their targeted customers well and do not directly compete with other premium airlines. 10 years ago traveling by air was a luxury. Air Asia was daring enough to think big and today, it is truly Everyone Can Fly.

Enthalpy Definition in Chemistry and Physics

Enthalpy Definition in Chemistry and Physics Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a system. It is the sum of the internal energy added to the product of the pressure and volume of the system. It reflects the capacity to do non-mechanical work and the capacity to release heat. Enthalpy is denoted as H; specific enthalpy denoted as h. Common units used to express enthalpy are the joule, calorie, or BTU (British Thermal Unit.) Enthalpy in a throttling process is constant. Change in enthalpy is calculated rather than enthalpy, in part because total enthalpy of a system cannot be measured. However, it is possible to measure the difference in enthalpy between one state and another. Enthalpy change may be calculated under conditions of constant pressure. Enthalpy Formulas H E PV where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy of the system, P is pressure, and V is volume d H T d S P d V What Is the Importance of Enthalpy? Measuring the change in enthalpy allows us to determine whether a reaction was endothermic (absorbed heat, positive change in enthalpy) or exothermic (released heat, negative change in enthalpy.)It is used to calculate the heat of reaction of a chemical process.Change in enthalpy is used to measure heat flow in calorimetry.It is measured to evaluate a  throttling process or Joule-Thomson expansion.Enthalpy is used to calculate minimum power for a compressor.Enthalpy change occurs during a change in the state of matter.There are many other applications of enthalpy in thermal engineering. Example Change in Enthalpy Calculation You can use the heat of fusion of ice and heat of vaporization of water to calculate the enthalpy change when ice melts into a liquid and the liquid turns to a vapor. The heat of fusion of ice is 333 J/g (meaning 333 J is absorbed when 1 gram of ice melts.) The  heat of vaporization of liquid water  at 100 °C is 2257 J/g. Part A:  Calculate  the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for these two processes. H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH ?H2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH ?Part B:  Using the values you calculated, find the number of grams of ice you can melt using 0.800 kJ of heat. SolutionA.  The heats of fusion and vaporization are in joules, so the first thing to do is convert to kilojoules. Using the  periodic table, we know that 1  mole of water  (H2O) is 18.02 g. Therefore:fusion ΔH 18.02 g x 333 J / 1 gfusion ΔH 6.00 x 103  Jfusion ΔH 6.00 kJvaporization ΔH 18.02 g x 2257 J / 1 gvaporization ΔH 4.07 x 104  Jvaporization ΔH 40.7 kJSo the completed thermochemical reactions are:H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH 6.00 kJH2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH 40.7 kJB.  Now we know that:1 mol H2O(s) 18.02 g H2O(s) ~ 6.00 kJUsing this conversion factor:0.800 kJ x 18.02 g ice / 6.00 kJ 2.40 g ice melted Answer A.  H2O(s) → H2O(l); ΔH 6.00 kJ H2O(l) → H2O(g); ΔH 40.7 kJ B.  2.40 g ice melted

Strategic Planning and Strategic Thinking Research Paper

Strategic Planning and Strategic Thinking - Research Paper Example 4). These plans are long term, and seeks to align the needs of the organization with the capabilities afforded by information systems (Mohdzin & Ward, 2007, p. 4). Closely related to this is the concept of strategic thinking. Strategic thinking is a proactive way of thinking, as it refers to when a manager looks ahead at possible problems and scenarios, and comes up with a solution to these problems and scenarios. In this way, the manager is able to think outside the box and this is the best way for an organization to survive and be competitive (Shoemaker, 1995, p. 25) Discussion To be effective, a strategic planning for information systems must be aligned with business objectives. According to Bhatnager (2010), there are business strategies, which state where the business wants to go, and how it plans to get there; and business plans, which describe the business and the business objectives (Bhatnager, 2010, p. 5). To be effective, the information systems strategic plan must take int o account both the business plan and the business strategy, and be used to further the strategic goals that the business has set forth. So, it must take into account the organizational requirements and the demand that the organization will expect of the system, and it must help the business meet its strategy (Bhatnager, 2010, p. 7). However, while the information systems strategy creates the demand, so to speak, information technology creates the supply. So, information technology strategy is the bridge between the demand created by the business and the information systems strategy and the supply, which is how the business will use the information systems to obtain its goals (Bhatnager, 2010, p. 8). With information systems strategy, the information system requirements are identified; with information technology strategy, how these requirements will be fulfilled is identified (Bhatnager, 2010, p. 9). In order for the information systems or the information technology to fulfill the g oals that are set out by the business, the Chief Information Officer (CIO) has to adopt a Strategic Information Systems Plan (SISP). These plans are helpful in the business managers rethinking their goals and how to obtain them, and will transform how the business plans on being successful (Bhatnager, 2010, p. 12). Conclusion Strategic planning and strategic thinking are vital to a business in adapting to a changing world. When an organization has an effective strategy regarding information systems and technologies, it helps that organization rise above competition, if the competition is not implementing similar strategies. Moreover, since the world is constantly changing, strategic planning is just as vital, as future problems need to be envisioned and addressed in a proactive manner. These are the systems that set organizations apart. Sources Used Hanna, N. 1985. Strategic planning and management. Available at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1985/09/ 01/000178830_98101903432616/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Mohdzain, M. & Ward, J. 2007. A study of subsidiaries views of information systems. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 16(4), 324-352. Shoemaker, P. 1995. Scenario planning: A tool for strategic thinking. Sloan Management Review,

Impact of micro and macro policies on the elderly with dementia Essay

Impact of micro and macro policies on the elderly with dementia - Essay Example For instance, the kind of policies governing the care of children would be very different from those governing adults especially the elderly. Therefore, sensitivity on the handling of these two classes of people is essential to reflect on the absolute care required by them. In this regard, this paper will take a keen look into the micro and macro policies surrounding the provision of quality healthcare in relation to adults with special needs. Moreover, its emphasis will be on the elderly people in the society whose needs appear to be unique as compared to other groups of people. A key eye will be on the elderly especially those with dementia by raising their safeguarding alerts (East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust 7). Lastly, it will also be in contact with the effects of one macro policy through the implementation of the micro level processes. Introduction Dementia is a brain related complication characterized by reduced function on the brain’s responsibilities that may incl ude thinking, speech, behavior, and memory function. Mainly, its experience is due to the occurrence of certain brain diseases that create imparity in the normal brain function. Some of the diseases that this loss of brain functionality associates with are Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease; Alzheimer and in some cases AIDS. ... Additionally, this condition interferes with a person’s routine and daily function, as their brains no longer respond to brain commands. Unfortunately, this condition is irreversible therefore; the individuals affected require high attention and care. Further, the condition it has two categories; either being Alzheimer or Non Alzheimer related. Alzheimer is the leading cause of dementia in people who are in their late stages of life. The policy statement formulated around the vulnerable adults outlined that maintenance of the patients health was at the focus of quality delivery of health care services. Each health providing facility’s dedication was on maintaining the dignity and privacy of their patients. The achievement of this heavily relies on ensuring that no possible avoidable harm comes to them. This macro policy realization was to be through trust committees charged with delivering reasonable accommodation for this special group of people. The most vulnerable in this case would be the elderly affected by dementia. Therefore, this made up the Macro policy regulating the code of practice around the provision of specialized care for them. As a micro policy, the Trust committee in East Lancashire’s responsibility was to oversee the latter implementation of the Macro policy. Certain mechanisms came in place to meet the requirements. Concerning accommodation, they have to make sure that each gender has its own place for accommodation to uphold privacy. These include same gender toilet and bathroom facilities other than the bed area. However, same gender interactions would only occur in specialized cases like intensive care and not under any other circumstance. This is subject to choice and preference of the patients and if

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The O.J. Simpson Murder Case - Term Paper Example He is also known for his world record breaking run in the USC sprint relay quartet at the NCAA track championships in Provo, Utah. In 1968, he won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Walter Camp Award. He also holds the record for the Heisman's largest margin of victory. Being American Football League's Buffalo Bills' first overall pick in the 1969 Common Draft, he was also the first professional football player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He also holds the record for the highest yards-per-game average in a single season. He was a great figure in the world of sports and is idolized by many sportsmen. He was also inducted to Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. O.J Simpson also starred in some movies. His career ranges from dramatic to comedic movies. His dramatic movies include The Cassandra Crossing, Capricorn One, The Klansman and The Towering Inferno. His comedy movies include The Naked Gun Trilogy and Back to the Beach. He had a good career in movies a nd had a successful run in acting in ads one of which was about a comic book. He quickly sprang up to status of a celebrity with a huge following. He started his own film production company called Orenthal Productions in 1979. NBC was considering airing his series called Frogmen but the project was cancelled when he was arrested for murder. Known mostly due to his career in professional football and being a respected commentator, everything related to O.J Simpson was of public interest. On June 13, 1994, O.J Simpson’s ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman were found murdered outside Brown's Bundy Drive condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles, California. O.J Simpson immediately became the prime suspect of the crime due to some evidence that included a 911 call made by Nicole Brown on January 1, 1989 in which she informed the police that O.J Simpson would hurt her physically. Simpson could be heard yelling in the background of that call. The two were di vorced 2 years prior to the murders. Simpson was not located immediately after the incident. There were speculations that he might have committed suicide after a letter by him was presented by his friend, Robert Kardashian, who was also one of his defense lawyers. He was, however, spotted later when one of his friends was being pursued. A low-speed chase ensued as Simpson threatened to commit suicide. 8 hours later, the chase ended and Simpson agreed to surrender to the police. He was allowed to speak to his mother before his arrest. He spent one hour with her. (F. Lee Bailey & Jean Rabe, 2008) On June 20, 1994, Simpson pleaded not guilty to both murders when he was arraigned. The grand jury that was called initially to determine whether to indict Simpson for murders was dismissed on June 23 as there were qualms about the attainment of an unbiased result. Media had excessive coverage regarding this case and it was suspected that the initial jury might lose its objectivity. Jill Shiv ely and Jose Camacho testified in the court with Jill saying that she saw Simpson’s car in the vicinity of the place of incident and Jose identifying the fact that he sold a knife to Simpson which was quite similar to the one that was used in the murders. They sold their stories to newspapers and were not presented in the court as witnesses afterwards. (L. Jones, Thomas, n.d) On July 7, it was ruled that Simpson was to be brought to trial

Entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example 2. Business idea. To put up a company to be engaged in providing health care services, sell health beauty products and provide therapeutic relaxation thru the establishment of a Turkish bath, sauna and spa in UK. 3. Business name and Business structure. Business name and structure will have to be registered with proper authorities before it could start operations. A big fine and penalty will be slapped to owner for failure to register. Tentative name of MT Wellness will be registered for availability of trade name. If no one uses the name, then it will be registered and nobody can use that name while it is in operation. If necessary, a trade mark can be registered. Business should be registered in the locality where business will operate and another registration is needed if it will have a branch in other state. 4. Finance structure. Capital is required in starting a business and this could come from borrowing, bank loans, financing from friends and family, commercial mortgages and money coming from the owner. A study should be done to come up with an appropriate loan package for the business proposal. 5. Management. The business calls for hiring qualified people to help owner run the company. There are several processes required in selection and hiring of employees. Owner should have a right mix of people qualified for employment in the business. Owner needs to determine the following: Company will keep products on top of the line and look for new and innovative products and services to satisfy customers, first by keeping subscription on trade magazine for trends both local and abroad. Look for new inventions that can be used by the company. 9.2 Advertising. On line selling and marketing is one way of advertising the products and services of the company. Company should get help of advertising experts for the design to make it attractive. 9.4 Pricing. There is a need to come up with the correct strategy of

Few Major Brands of Kellogg Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Few Major Brands of Kellogg Company - Essay Example The case study is based on the analysis of marketing mix for Kellogg Company. The marketing mix is an essential business tool used by organizations to determine a product or brand offer. It is normally associated with price, product, placement, and promotion of any organization. These elements help marketers to create the market strategies and positioning of the company. The first element, product, helps a company to understand that how their offering meets the changing needs of customers. The price charged by any company is an important element to assess the sales of the products and place denotes the availability of the product. The last element, promotion, is very important to understand various ways of the positioning of the product (Borden, 1964). Marketing mix of Kellogg Company will help them to plan their marketing strategies and resource allocation (Vignali, 2001). Product: The products of Kellogg’s can be classified as convenience products. Convenience products are those which are purchased by consumers without much consideration. Most of them are low priced, easily available and frequently parched products (Vignali, 2001). Developing new product is extremely risky and expensive procedure for any business. To develop a new product, the company needs to assess the rapidly changing market and they need to predict the changing needs of customers (Annacchino, 2003). The Kellogg Company is very successful in developing any new product since its inception. Their first established product in the market was cornflakes and it helped them to attain the highest market share in the cereal market. Consumers generally purchase their product easily as the company holds a reputation for providing good quality products. Their existing products are very popular and generate a huge profit for the company. This financial gain helps them to invest in the de velopment of new products and sell them at low price as the cost is covered by the profit.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economics - Essay Example The policies undertaken by governments in different economies are highly influenced by his theories even today. The theories introduced by Keynes mainly concentrate in the nature of total spending in the economy. The theories also analyze the influence of aggregate demand in economies inflation and output level. According to Keynes the aggregate demand created in the economy is often not equal to the productive capacity of the economy. Keynesian theories were introduced during Great Depression in the economy. Keynesian theory supports a mixed economic system, where the main sectors of the economy are headed by private business entities but are guided under the rules and regulations of the government at times of recession (Keynes, 1979). New Classical Theories of Economics New Classical theories of economics are consisted with the economic views of the modern contemporary economists. The theories mainly concentrate in the price, output and determination of income distribution in the e conomic system. The conjectures focus on the free forces of market demand and supply in the economy. These theories explain the idea of rational economic behaviour. Maximization of consumer utility subject to budget constraints or maximization of producers profit subject to cost constrains are theories of neo classical economics. It assumes that economic entities in the world undertake their economic decisions after getting equipped with the underlying relevant information. Neo Classical theories of economics dominate the Keynesian views economics (Arnold, 2008). Aggregate Supply Curve The aggregate supply curve (AS) shows the different levels of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in real terms, generated at changed levels of prices in a particular period of time. The curve shows the relation between price and real GDP, assuming all other factors affecting real GDP constant (Ceteris Paribus assumption). The Keynesian and Neo Classical views regarding the shape of the AS curve are contrast ing. Keynesian AS curve Keynesian theory was introduced during the Great Depression when the economy was under strict recession. Due to recessionary trends in the market most of the resources were ideal and insensitive in the economy. Thus Keynesian theory firmly believed in the rigidity of price and wage rates in the economy. Keynesian theory is consistent with a horizontal AS curve where any changes in the real GDP are caused simply due to changes in the aggregate demand (AD) in the economy. It was analyzed by Keynes theory that only changes in the aggregate demand, could improve the state of a depressed economy. Figure 1 - Keynesian Horizontal AS curve CPI AD p AS q Real GDP (Source: Author’s Creation) The graph above illustrates the AD and AS curve in Keynes views. The consumer price index (CPI) is the average price level of all the goods and services produced in the economy. AD is inversely proportional to CPI as per the law of demand. The market equilibrium price (p) an d equilibrium quantity (q) of real GDP generated in the economy are determined from the point of intersection between the AD and AS curves. Rise in Government Spending Impact In order to improve the aggregate income level in the economy the government undertakes expansionary fiscal policies. These policies

Few Major Brands of Kellogg Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Few Major Brands of Kellogg Company - Essay Example The case study is based on the analysis of marketing mix for Kellogg Company. The marketing mix is an essential business tool used by organizations to determine a product or brand offer. It is normally associated with price, product, placement, and promotion of any organization. These elements help marketers to create the market strategies and positioning of the company. The first element, product, helps a company to understand that how their offering meets the changing needs of customers. The price charged by any company is an important element to assess the sales of the products and place denotes the availability of the product. The last element, promotion, is very important to understand various ways of the positioning of the product (Borden, 1964). Marketing mix of Kellogg Company will help them to plan their marketing strategies and resource allocation (Vignali, 2001). Product: The products of Kellogg’s can be classified as convenience products. Convenience products are those which are purchased by consumers without much consideration. Most of them are low priced, easily available and frequently parched products (Vignali, 2001). Developing new product is extremely risky and expensive procedure for any business. To develop a new product, the company needs to assess the rapidly changing market and they need to predict the changing needs of customers (Annacchino, 2003). The Kellogg Company is very successful in developing any new product since its inception. Their first established product in the market was cornflakes and it helped them to attain the highest market share in the cereal market. Consumers generally purchase their product easily as the company holds a reputation for providing good quality products. Their existing products are very popular and generate a huge profit for the company. This financial gain helps them to invest in the de velopment of new products and sell them at low price as the cost is covered by the profit.

Professional Athletes Essay Example for Free

Professional Athletes Essay Companies that use professional athlete have the right to use that endorsement at their discretion. This question is difficult to answer as a whole because there are so many factors that occur. When it comes to a contract or obligation the bylaws of such agreement can lend both parties to not fulfill the agreed terms. Most athletes are held to a standard that is based upon their role in their specific sport. The star or leader is usually held in higher regard than the 12th man on a team. With that said the argument for companies comes from a different perspective so its lends one to speak from both sides of the argument. I have to take the affirmative for the companies even though I believe in the marketability of the professional athlete. In the case of Micheal Phelps his ability to perform at a high level has led directly to the rebound of his image. Tiger Woods on the other had way more to lose at the time of his marital problems. In turn his on course performance has not been at the level in which we are use to seeing of him. He has no amassed the same fervor or attention for positivity as a Micheal Phelps. The bad play on the course as not lifted the stain of all the negative press that he garnered. Had he been even more successful on his playing field he more than likely would have been able to get companies to get back on the Tiger train. Companies, tend to use athletes that match their persona, the bigger the name the bigger the company. Image is so important to what a company is trying to convey about its product and service. Most companies have their values listed somewhere near their corporate profile. The two have to match. The values of a company must meet the value that is percieved the by the value of the product. The best and most current case of this is with Lance Armstrong, his Livestrong Foundation and Nike have distances themselves from Lance. He was a very visible and outspoken spokesman, he had a following  that added to his legend on an almost daily basis. The findings that there was unanimous evidence that he was using PEDs (Performance Enhancing Drugs) to win in his sport was detrimental to not only his incredibility but it clings to a company like Nike being a company built on the athletic prowess of athletes from a varied amount of sports. So as a company what do you do? You have no choice but to cut ties with this athlete not just because he lied but the implication can be made that Nike and its athletes also lie and use PEDs. You cant blame a company from wanting to distance its brand from that of a liar and cheater. In a different effect the Livestrong Foundation has a separate delimma to look at aside from the moral issue. They have a financial conundrum that affect the legacy of what Lance did for cancer and cancer research. The livestrong bands that are so popular in our community, were marketed to people on the basis that the proceeds from the sale of the bands go to the fight against cancer. People that associate Lances image struggle with his Foundation have become outraged. Here it is, this â€Å"winner† who was at the pinnacle of his sport lied on top of lying he cheated. He used his acclaim and sickness to capitalize on a disease and in turn not only made money for the foundation but also lined his pocket. The only recourse it seems the foundation had to take is to severe ties. Companies have a obligation to their shareholders, They have a obligation to their employees as well. The obligation to the shareholders and employees comes in the form of profit and money. Imagine if your brand is built on honesty and integrity. Your marketing and advertising say you are honest but your commercials have a Tiger Woods or Lance Armstrong there is a clear distinction that these two athletes have had trouble with honesty. The audience can then place your brand with dishonesty which can lead to losing business. As a bottom line all companies want to make money. You tend not to do things on a consistent level that contradict the reason why most businesses go into business, to make money! Performance is also a factor in whether a company will give an endorsement to an athletes. We are a culture that tends to use the what have you done for me lately concept when it comes to our professional athlete. Businesses also use this practice to capitalize  on the success and marketability of an athlete. If there was a ethical issue the easiest way for that athlete to get the endorsements back or to gain new is to win. Winning is the cure for any image problems because it covers up the moral and places emphasis on the practical. In the case of Peyton Manning, Buick comes to mind. He did not play in the NFL in the 2011 season. He suffered tremendous neck injuries that put his playing future in jeopardy. He lost several endorsement deals not because he had a moral issue, in fact he is one of the top professional athletes in the world when it comes to image. In 2012 he was picked up but another team and that team has been success, Buick looking for a spokesman to embody the brand of Buick they went with Manning. He was not high on their list they dropped Tiger and needed to find a spokesman that matched the brand. Companies have to make the decision to drop or keep an athlete based on so many factors. The need to satisfy the bottom line and the customer is always a hard task. The hardest part is picking the right spokesman that can push the brand, product or service. It is hard because these athletes have personal lives, these athletes are human, they make decisions at times without thinking about what company has paid them to speak about their product. The company has to make sure that they include language in the contract that can help the athlete make inclusive decisions. The moral clause is always a good way for a company to protect itself from the damage that can happen when favorable decisions are not made by an individual. It is up to the athlete to make sure he wants to keep the money and fame that can come from being on commercials and in ads by Fortune 500 companies. I feel as though they do not think about the overall consequences of their actions or how it may affect their decisions. This is where the company comes in and can make up for that. Its egoism from both sides. A athlete can act unbecoming and lose it all but due to great performances he can redeem his career. While the company can extend a 2nd chance allowing the athlete to be in the public eye again. Its a line that both have control over but in the world of business and sport the lines are so often blurred. In the end the companies have the right to giveth and the right to taketh away.

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Erstwhile :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confessions of an Erstwhile Child is an essay which analyses the concept of the nuclear family. At first the author explains the ideas of Thomas More’s Utopia, but afterwards narrows his content by going into explaining his thoughts on children raised in dysfunctional families. He very cleverly shows the reader part family model’s with current ones, allowing his audience to make the decision for themselves. His tone is a logical philosophical. The reader is told of his depressing childhood growing up in a dysfunctional family, and how it had a profound effect upon his life. The author uses his own personal experience and knowledge to express his opinions on his topic, but really doesn’t use much inference to other cases or factual evidence to back up his argument. All and all, the author wrote an essay which would prove to be thought provoking and well organized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this first paragraph, the author battles with a commonly held belief that children are the â€Å"property† of their parents for a certain amount of time in their lives. The author constructs upon the topic slowly by disclosing his problem with the idea of children as property, only to bring his own life experiences into count by explaining his adolescence with a dysfunctional family. By bringing in his personal experiences, the author is in some sense considered an authority figure on the topic of a child’s life with a dysfunctional family. He compares the concept of parental custody with apprenticeship, and he puts it all together by creating a practical solution to the problem. His true thesis sentence is seen in the last paragraph where he says, â€Å"We have invested far too heavily in the unproved â€Å"equity† called the nuclear family; that stock is about to crash and we ought to being finding escape options† (p 196). By gradu ally giving the reader background info on the problems of the modern dysfunctional family, and then stating the thesis at the end, he very clearly gets his argument across. The author clearly shows how his childhood effected his adulthood, making in a living example of what he is writing about allowing the audience to more easily trust what he is writing about. Instead of using factually evidence from other dysfunctional family incidences, the author decides to make it more personal, by using his own life and comparing family ideas of the past to the present.

French and British Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Essay examples

French and British Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Africa is home to countless cultures that all have their own unique ideas and customs. During the past couple of centuries, these cultures were threatened to the point where they almost ceased to exist. The Berlin Conference was a very important occurrence in Africa and Europe's history. It legitimized what the European powers, mainly France and Britain, had been doing for the past hundred years, without the approval of any African country. During the late nineteenth century, France and Britain began imperialistic ventures into Africa, which eventually led Leopold II to conquer the Congo. It was Leopold's II presence in Africa that to led the Berlin Conference. The Berlin Conference took place first and foremost to legitimize what was already taking place in Africa (Berlin). Africa had recently experienced the European countries' greed. The British and the French, along with a few other European nations, had started to carve up Africa however they pleased. By 1880, about half of the coastal countries saw some type of European presence (Wessling cover). The French began to take control of Algeria and parts of Gabon and Senegal. The British occupied much of Southern Africa and parts of the western coast. Until 1884, no one could encroach upon inner Africa. Before this, the imposing countries had mainly concentrated on the coasts. By 1884 there was road connecting the Congo River to the coast, and the remaining European powers wanted in a piece of the action. The disagreements that resulted from this sudden urge to conquer Africa were what made the Berlin Conference so important (Part IV). Many reasons beyond the obvious also existed. The Berlin Conference was ... ... to an African nation. Works Cited Bennett, Norman. Africa and Europe: From Roman Times to National Independence. New York: Africana Publishing Co, 1984. "Berlin, Conference of." Vers. 3. 1994. The Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 5 Mar. 2000 <http://www.encyclopeida.com>. "Bismarck, Otto Von." Vers. 3. 1994. The Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.  Ã‚   5 Mar. 2000 <http://www.encyclopeida.com/>. Hugon, Anne. The Exploration of Africa: from Cairo to the Cape. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1991.   Ã‚  Ã‚   "Part IV Anti-Colonialism & Reconstruction." 5 Mar. 2000 <http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline4.htm>. Sempell, Charlotte. Otto Von Bismarck.New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc, 1972. Wessling, H. H., Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914. Westport: Praeger, 1991. French and British Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Essay examples French and British Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Africa is home to countless cultures that all have their own unique ideas and customs. During the past couple of centuries, these cultures were threatened to the point where they almost ceased to exist. The Berlin Conference was a very important occurrence in Africa and Europe's history. It legitimized what the European powers, mainly France and Britain, had been doing for the past hundred years, without the approval of any African country. During the late nineteenth century, France and Britain began imperialistic ventures into Africa, which eventually led Leopold II to conquer the Congo. It was Leopold's II presence in Africa that to led the Berlin Conference. The Berlin Conference took place first and foremost to legitimize what was already taking place in Africa (Berlin). Africa had recently experienced the European countries' greed. The British and the French, along with a few other European nations, had started to carve up Africa however they pleased. By 1880, about half of the coastal countries saw some type of European presence (Wessling cover). The French began to take control of Algeria and parts of Gabon and Senegal. The British occupied much of Southern Africa and parts of the western coast. Until 1884, no one could encroach upon inner Africa. Before this, the imposing countries had mainly concentrated on the coasts. By 1884 there was road connecting the Congo River to the coast, and the remaining European powers wanted in a piece of the action. The disagreements that resulted from this sudden urge to conquer Africa were what made the Berlin Conference so important (Part IV). Many reasons beyond the obvious also existed. The Berlin Conference was ... ... to an African nation. Works Cited Bennett, Norman. Africa and Europe: From Roman Times to National Independence. New York: Africana Publishing Co, 1984. "Berlin, Conference of." Vers. 3. 1994. The Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 5 Mar. 2000 <http://www.encyclopeida.com>. "Bismarck, Otto Von." Vers. 3. 1994. The Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.  Ã‚   5 Mar. 2000 <http://www.encyclopeida.com/>. Hugon, Anne. The Exploration of Africa: from Cairo to the Cape. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1991.   Ã‚  Ã‚   "Part IV Anti-Colonialism & Reconstruction." 5 Mar. 2000 <http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline4.htm>. Sempell, Charlotte. Otto Von Bismarck.New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc, 1972. Wessling, H. H., Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914. Westport: Praeger, 1991.

International Student Life Essay

I am a international student who are studying in America. My goals are improving my English and enter a collage. Studying in America has a lot of advantages, such as we can learn new cultures. But Studying in different country is a difficult thing for teenager, for example, we need to adapt to new surroundings. First, studying in America, it is a good thing for me. For example, I can improve English faster, because I have to communicate with teachers, students and my homestay in English every day, I can more practice my spoken. But in China, even though I studied in English school, I spoke Chinese most of the time in my life. The second, I can study a lot of new cultures. For instance, I can study ways of greetings in America. When people get back home, they will say â€Å"Did you have a good day? † then, people will talk about their life. When my homestay ask me, †Did you have a good day? † I am feeling very warm. But in china, when I got back home, I just said† Dad, Mum, I am coming back! † So in my opinion, American greetings could promote sentiment between the parents and friend’s. Finally, I can make friends who can speak English. Such as my friend who name is Myahri. She is from Turkmenistan. She is very nice to me. She taught me how to stay with American family, how to make American friends and how to write essay. She often encourages me. I had a lot of benefit from her. I really cherish this friend. Everything has two handles. Studying in America also has a lot of disadvantages. we need to adapt to new surroundings. For instance, American schools have different school system. In China, students take their all the classes in the same classroom, and the student locker is in their own classroom. But in America , I need take next period book and find next period classroom in five minutes. Sometimes I even have not time to go to bathroom. Then because of cultural differences, for example, American like using Email, but Chinese do not like using Email such as me. I hardly use Email in China. At beginning, because of my regular habit, I missed lots of important information. The last point is language problem. For instance, my English is not good. So some of the classes is very difficult to me. Sometimes I need spent many times doing my homework. Because I need translate questions and handouts. It is hard to keep grade for international student. Studying in America is a difficult thing, but if you try to make America friends, it is very helpful to you. American friends will make your like more colorful. You need spend more time staying with homestay, it will develop relationship between you and your homestay. It is helpful for your daily life. Finally, I think that football is good to know. Everyone in America likes football game. This is a good topic to talk with people. In general, also studying in America is difficult thing to me, but I think that studying in America has more good than bad. This is good chance to improve myself. And studying America , I can have more chance to enter famous university.

What part does deception of one kind or another play in Twelfth Night?

Deception is present in Twelfth Night on a number of levels. To examine the role of deception in Twelfth Night in relation to the plot, we must consider what may have occurred if in fact there was no deception in the piece. Deception sets the whole story in motion, and is pivotal in creating the irony and comedy that abounds in Twelfth Night. It is through deceit and deception that the topsy-turvy web of comedy and confusion that entangles the characters of Twelfth Night is spun. The deception exhibited in the play can be divided into two groups. Firstly, let us consider cases of self-deception. Orsino is a classic sufferer, and continually pines away for his darling Olivia. The self absorbed Orsino believes himself to be in love with the Countess Olivia; however, it would appear that Orsino is more in love with the notion of being in love than anything else. In his opening lines he talks of his love, but it is not until seventeen lines later that he first mentions Olivia. He does not talk to Olivia, and is content to mope around his house in self-involved sorrow while he sends courtiers to woo her on his behalf. Ironically, Olivia is in a similar situation. She uses the unfortunate excuse of her brother's demise to hide herself away from the world, and shows no interest in relating to the other Illyrians. If these two characters were free of their self-deceit, and able to see themselves as they truly are, a tremendous impact would be had on the play. Perhaps Olivia would have returned Orsino's apparent love, after all he is of very noble birth. In this scenario Viola and Sebastian would be cut out of the story entirely, and the original trickery and chaos would not come about. Alternatively, Orsino may have realised the truth about his emotions and stopped his pursuit of Olivia. Cesario would not be sent to her, and Olivia would not fall in love with ‘him'. Furthermore, Sebastian and Olivia's final union would also be impossible, and Cesario would remain bound by ‘his' disguise. Olivia's steward, Malvolio, struggles to see his real self. He is of the opinion that he is in some way superior to others of his social class and deserves to be elevated to the nobility because of his supremacy. He sees himself as surrounded by ‘idle, shallow things', not of his ‘element ‘ and this feeds his unexpected ambition to the point where he is able to be fooled by Sir Toby and Maria's trickery. He is deceived completely, and Sir Toby remarks ‘. . . thou hast put him in such a dream, that when the image of it leaves him, he must run mad.' If Malvolio was not so deceived, he would not have this belief of superiority, nor would his holding of this belief be exploited. He would find the letter's message unbelievable and escape the suffering caused by his original trust in its words. His strong ambitions would remain a secret, and the sense of pity and respect we gain for Malvolio through his struggle to be deemed sane would also be non-existent. The comedy of the puritan's trials would also be lost. Sir Andrew's self-deception provides nothing but comedy. The deluded clumsy simpleton thinks he is sophisticated, noble, and a marriage prospect for Olivia. Had Sir Andrew known his chances truthfully, he would have ended his pursuit of Olivia's love. Sir Andrew's absence would result in a loss of a number of humorous debacles; however the major events of the story would be largely unaffected. The other kind of deception in the play is the deception of others. Viola is undoubtedly the most deceptive of the characters, and her deception plays the greatest role in the play. Her original desire to be disguised as a man facilitates the formation of the dreaded love triangle and the resulting complexities that make up the story of Twelfth Night. Viola's decision to conceal her true gender is the basis and foundation for the entire plot. She makes a conscious decision to hide her true self, saying: Conceal me what I am, and be my aid For such disguise as haply shall become The form of my intent. When talking with Olivia, Viola even states that she is concealing herself: Viola: †¦you do think you are not what you are. Olivia: If I think so, I think the same of you. Viola: Then think you right: I am not what I am. Was it not for Viola's deceptive disguise, she would not have become a member of Orsino's court. She would not have been sent to Olivia, nor would the mislead Olivia fall in love with Cesario, and later Sebastian. It was Olivia's love for Cesario that saved her from becoming a recluse, and this would have been her fate were it not for Cesario's arrival. Cesario would remain unknown to Orsino, and Orsino and Viola's marriage would not occur. The Duke would almost certainly have continued to wallow in his sorrows as he languished over Olivia. Viola soon becomes anxious at the massive effects of her deception: Disguise, I see thou art a wickedness Wherein the pregnant enemy does much. The major events concerning the main characters would not take place, if Viola had not deceitfully donned the disguise of Cesario. Her deceit has drastic consequences, and huge meaning for all. Even Sir Andrew would have been saved from his embarrassing duel, it Viola was not disguised. Viola's deception provides the extra dimension of dramatic irony that is present throughout the piece. The troubles created by her deception in regard to gender, and mismatched love provide many ironically comedic moments. Olivia falls head over heels in love with none other than a woman in disguise, who is in turn in love with a man, who ironically believes her to also be a man. Each character says or thinks a number of things that are ironically false and often humorous, while the audience has the luxury of seeing past the deception and realising how wrong the characters are about one another. Sir Toby, Fabian and Maria are the conspirators behind Malvolio's downfall, who is the unsuspecting victim of Maria's deceitful letter. Later Feste delivers the cruellest blow when he disguises himself as Sir Topas, the curate. Here Malvolio endures his greatest suffering as his sanity is questioned and his limits tested. Without their scheme to get square with Malvolio, we would not see him suffer or discover his other side as discussed earlier. It is only through Maria and Sir Toby's deception, that Malvolio's respectable, pitiable and admirable qualities are revealed. Sir Toby and Fabian are also behind Sir Andrew's deception. Sir Toby's false friendship and advice leads only to his enjoyment and Sir Andrew's misery. He is manipulated incredibly by Sir Toby, at all times for his personal benefit. Toward the end Sir Toby shows his true feelings for Sir Andrew calling him ‘An asshead, and a coxcomb, and a knave†¦' The resulting comedy of his suit to Olivia and his duel with Cesario, would not occur were it not for Sir Toby's deception. Antonio would also be relieved of his confusion, as he would not step in to save Viola whom he mistook for Sebastian. Near the end, Sebastian realises there is something in the extraordinary situation ‘That is deceivable'. Olivia bade Malvolio ‘return' Orsino's ring to Cesario, in the hope that he would return to her. This was fraudulent trickery on Olivia's behalf in order to see her new love again. Later she apologises for her deceptive ‘cunning ‘ but it is through this deception that the love triangle between Orsino, Olivia and Viola is strengthened. Deception facilitates the formation of Twelfth Night's intricate plot. Shakespeare uses deception on a number of levels. He alludes to the deception in the play right from the beginning, in the title. Historically Twelfth Night is the last night of twelve days of celebration following Christmas, in which social order is upturned and anything and everything goes. The subtitle, ‘Or What you will', fits well with the attitude of Twelfth Night's festivities when people could do whatever and be whoever they liked. Not only is deception essential in the construction of the plot, but it is also present so that Shakespeare can relate to us the outcomes of those who practice deception and those who are deceived. There does not seem to be a concrete system with which a character's rewards or punishment can be determined in respect to their deception. Viola, Sir Toby and Maria are some of the chief deceivers, and yet they are rewarded with wedded bliss. These characters are also able to see past much of the other character's deception. Olivia and Orsino suffer from self-deception, and nonetheless receive the same reward. Malvolio and Sir Andrew see themselves even less truly, and can find no happiness. Feste is arguably the least deceived of the Illyrians, but for this he receives no consolation. Perhaps Shakespeare is trying to show that those involved with deception, are taking a risk. Whether you are being deceived or deceiving others, you can never control, or be sure of your outcome. Shakespeare also uses deception in relation to the concept of fate. Despite the immense deception of the play, Shakespeare ensures the right people still end up together; and although deception affects their journey, their destination remains unchanged. The celebrations of Twelfth Night must come to an end, as does the play, and the happiness of some of its characters. Feste's melancholy final song does nothing to assure us of even the handful of happy characters' continued happiness. Feste's song tells a story of growing up and growing old, recounting a story of the discovery of the unkindness and harshness life. Shakespeare's ending for Malvolio and Feste, who are at opposite ends of the spectrum of deception, serve as reminders to the uncertainty of life. Both the comic plot and the romantic plot are constructed in deception. The confusion, trickery, comedy and chaos of Twelfth Night is present only because of the characters' deception of themselves and one another. Deception makes Twelfth Night what it is. It is the cause of the story, and without it Twelfth Night would be a very straight-forward, linear bore without any twists or turns. It is through deception that Shakespeare shows us the triumph of fate and the uncertainty of life, and the play gives an insight into what awaits those who gamble with deception and false judgement. Deception plays a huge part in Twelfth Night and is essential in making it the topsy-turvy, ironic, chaotic comedy that it is.